Digital Convergence in Antenna Design

List of Figures xi List of Tables xvii Preface xix Section 1: 5G and its Applications 1 1 5G and Cognitive Radio 3 Dr. Nagamani K. and Dr. Bhagya R. 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 5G System Architecture 5 1.3 An Overview of Network Elements 6 1.4 Design Problems 8 1.5 5G Infrastructure Needs 9 1.6 Features 10 1.7 5G Network Slicing 11 1.8 Pros of 5G 12 1.9 Cons of 5G 13 1.10 5G Applications 14 1.11 Cognitive Radio 15 1.12 Cognitive Radio Network 16 1.13 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 17 1.14 Classification of CR Spectrum Sensing 17 1.15 Methods of Spectrum Sensing 18 1.16 Routing in Cognitive Radio Network 19 1.17 Terminal Capability of CRN 19 1.18 Reconfigurable Capability 20 1.19 Architecture of CRN 22 1.20 Primary System and CR System 23 1.21 Routing Challenges in CRNs 24 1.22 SDR Architecture 25 1.23 Physical Architecture of CR 28 1.24 Operation of CR 29 1.25 Benefits of CR 30 1.26 Challenges Faced by CR 30 1.27 Techniques of Spectrum Sensing 30 1.28 Cooperative SS Techniques 33 2 A Single-Ring SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole Antenna for ISM, WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G Application 39 Prasad Jones Christydass, Asha, Chandra Kumar Dixit, Dhanagopal and Praveen Kitti 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Design of SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole 41 2.3 Parametric Analysis 46 2.4 Results and Discussion 50 2.5 Conclusion 53 3 Compact Wideband 6-GHz Different Radiating Elements MIMO Antenna with Dual-Band for the 5G/WLAN/C-Band Application 57 Shrenik Suresh Sarade and Dr. S. D. Ruikar 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Designing of Two-Element and Four-Element MIMO Antenna 62 3.2.1 Two-Element MIMO Antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) 62 3.2.1.1 Optimization of Defected Ground Structure (DGS) in the Ground Plane and Cut Slot in the Radiating Patch 67 3.2.1.2 Result Analysis of Two-Element MIMO Antenna 69 3.2.2 Four-Element MIMO Antenna 74 3.2.2.1 Result Analysis of Four-Element MIMO Antenna 77 3.3 Comparison 81 3.4 Conclusions 82 Section 2: Wireless Communication Applications 87 4 Compact Fractal Wearable Antenna with and without Defected Ground Structure for Wireless Body Area Communications 89 S. Ramesh and S. Chitra Introduction 90 Design and Methodology of Proposed Antenna 92 Design Process 92 Analysis of Triangular Patch Antenna 93 Defected Ground Structure 94 Proposed Antenna Configuration 94 Results and Discussion 96 S-Parameter 97 Radiation Pattern 97 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 98 Prototype Antenna 102 Measured Results 103 Measurement of S11 103 Comparison of Simulated and Measured Results 104 Return Loss 104 Radiation Pattern 104 Conclusion 104 Acknowledgement 110 References 110 5 A Novel Defected Ground Structure Based Analysis of Micro Strip Patch Antenna for Modern Radar Application 113 Amrees Pandey, J. A. Ansari and Iqra Masroor 5.1 Introduction 114 5.1.1 Antenna Design and Evolution of the Proposed Design Model 116 5.1.2 Results and Discussion 118 5.2 Conclusion 128 6 A Reconfigurable Antenna for C Band Applications 133 Banuprakash R., Vishakha Yadav, Dwarakanath G. V. and S. A. Hariprasad 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Structure of Antenna 138 6.3 Results and Discussions 139 6.3.1 Intermediate Steps 141 6.3.2 Gain 144 6.3.3 Radiation Pattern 145 6.3.4 Reconfigurable Antenna Prototype 146 6.4 Conclusion 151 7 Split-Ring Resonator--Inspired Polygonal-Shaped Printed Antenna for Wireless Application 153 Prasad Jones Christydass S., Saravanakumar R., Regina S. and Malaisamy K. 7.1 Introduction 154 7.2 Design of SRR-Inspired Polygonal Antenna 156 7.3 Parametric Analysis 160 7.4 Result and Discussion 162 7.5 Conclusion 167 References 168 Section 3: MIMO Techniques 171 8 Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Multiple Input Multiple Output Applications 173 Mehaboob Mujawar and Subuh Pramono 8.1 Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRA) 174 8.2 Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO) 175 8.3 Comparative Study of Different DRA Antennas for MIMO Applications 176 8.4 H-Shaped DRA MIMO Antenna 183 8.5 Results 184 8.6 Conclusion 187 9 A Circular Waveguide Polarizer Based on Periodic Metallic Structure Loading 191 Swati Varun Yadav and Ashish Chittora 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 Design Principle and Structure 195 9.3 Result and Discussion 197 9.4 Conclusions 202 10 A Metamaterial-Inspired Monopole Antenna for Multi-Resonance Applications 207 Chetan S. and Chandrappa D. N. 10.1 Introduction 207 10.2 Reduction of Electrical Size 209 10.3 Reduction of Coupling Effects 209 10.4 Shaping of Aperture Field -- Directivity and Gain Enhancement 210 10.5 Scanning of Main Beam Direction 210 10.6 Design of Rectangular Split-Ring Metamaterial Unit Cell 210 10.7 Design of Metamaterial-Loaded Monopole Antenna 213 10.8 Design of Monopole Antenna with Metamaterial 215 10.9 Conclusion 217 11 Energy-Efficient Technique to Improve the System Using MIMO 223 Manjunath Managuli, Mahantesh K., M. Lakshminarayana and Sangamesh C. Managuli Introduction 223 Antenna Node Construction 224 System Specifications 227 Practical Requirements 228 Non-Useful Requirements 228 H/S Requirements 228 Software Environment and Instrument 228 Programming Language 228 C++ Language 229 OTCL Script 229 AWK Characters 229 Prefaces to NST 230 User Vision of System 230 Structure Architecture Design 231 Complete Aim 232 Flow Chart 233 Sequence Diagram 233 Implementation 234 System Component 234 Power Component 235 Node Power Estimate 236 Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Module 237 Performance Analysis Module 238 Existing System -- Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Algorithm Screenshot 238 Proposed System -- Energy Efficient Method to Improve Network Lifetime Using MIMO Screenshots 242 Testing 244 Levels of Testing 244 Initialization Testing 245 Functional Testing 245 Results and Analysis 245 Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Algorithm Performance Metrics Screenshots 247 Performance Measures -- Existing System 248 XGraph -- Average Throughput 248 X-Graph -- Average End-to-End Delay 249 X-Graph -- Overhead 250 X-Graph -- Average Energy 251 Conclusions 252 References 253 About the Editors 257 Index 259