Spanish Grammar 7th Ed

Preface Contents CHAPTER 1 Nouns and Articles Nouns Nouns ending in -o and -a. Nouns ending in -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre, -ción, and -sión. Nouns ending in -sis. Feminine nouns beginning with -a. Masculine nouns ending in -a. Nouns ending in -ista. Nouns ending in -e. Nouns that change gender. Irregular nouns ending in -o. Nouns that end in -or and -ora. Compound Nouns. Diminutives and augmentatives. Nouns ending in -ón. Foreign words. The Indefinite Article Uses of the Definite Article With general or abstract nouns. With titles. With languages. With days of the week and seasons. With parts of the body and articles of clothing. With weights and measures. Contractions of the definite article. Special Use of the Indefinite Article with ser A Personal Omission of the Indefinite Article CHAPTER 2 Adjectives Adjectives Ending in -o Adjectives Ending in -e Adjectives Ending in Consonants Adjectives of Nationality Special Adjectives Ending in a Consonant Apocopated Adjectives Adjectives of Color Comparative Superlative Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives Adjectives with -ísimo Comparative of Equality Comparative of equality with nouns Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers Formation of Nouns from Adjectives Possessive Adjectives Demonstrative Adjectives Expressions ¡Qué! ¡Tal! Formation of Adverbs CHAPTER 3 Verbs Formal versus Familiar Forms El voseo Present Tense Regular first conjugation verbs. Ir, dar, estar. Regular second conjugation verbs. Regular third conjugation verbs. Irregular verbs. First-class stem-changing verbs: e–ie, o–ue. Second-class stem-changing verbs: e–ie, o–ue. Third-class stem-changing verbs: e–i. Verbs ending in -uir. Special uses of the present tense. Imperfect Tense Regular -ar verbs. Regular -er and -ir verbs. Irregular verbs. Uses of the Imperfect Tense Continuing action. Mental activity. Description in the past. Reminiscing or stream of conciousness. Reminiscing. Stream of conciousness. With the time expression hacía. Preterite Tense Regular -ar verbs. Regular -er and -ir verbs. The verb dar. Second-class stem-changing verbs. Third-class stem-changing verbs. Verbs with y stem. Irregular verbs. Uses of the Preterite Completed past action. Verbs with special meanings. Differences between preterite and imperfect. Future Tense Ir a with infinitive. Regular verbs. Irregular verbs. Conditional Regular verbs. Irregular verbs. Special Uses of the Future and Conditional Indirect discourse. Compound Tenses Formation of the past participle. Present Perfect Pluperfect Preterite Perfect Future Perfect Conditional Perfect The Subjunctive Formation of the Present Subjunctive Regular verbs. Stem-changing verbs. Irregular verbs. Uses of the Present Subjunctive In noun clauses. With impersonal expressions. With expressions of doubt. Verbs like aconsejar, pedir, rogar. In relative clauses. After por... que. In indefinite expressions with ... quiera. The Imperfect Subjunctive Formation of the Imperfect Subjunctive Uses of the Imperfect Subjunctive In noun clauses. With impersonal expressions. In relative clauses. The Subjunctive with Adverbial Conjunctions Conjunctions of time. With aunque. Other conjunctions. Conjunctions of purpose. ¡Quizá(s)!, ¡Tal vez!. ¡Ojalá!. Quisiera. General note on the imperfect subjunctive. Present Perfect Subjunctive Pluperfect Subjunctive Si Clauses The Imperative Formal commands. Familiar commands. First-person plural command (let’s). The Present Participle Progressive Tenses Present progressive. Imperfect progressive. Reflexive Verbs Formation. Special note concerning reflexive verbs. Reflexive versus nonreflexive. Reciprocal verbs. Special Uses of the Infinitive After a preposition. After an auxiliary. As a noun. Passive Voice With ser. With se. CHAPTER 4 Negatives Making a Sentence Negative Common Negative Words Tampoco. Sino. Special Negative Expressions CHAPTER 5 Interrogatives Common Interrogative Words Cuál, cuáles. Cuál versus qué. CHAPTER 6 Pronouns Subject Pronouns Direct Object Pronouns Lo, los, la, las. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Me, te, nos. Indirect Object Pronouns Le, les. Le for les. Leísmo. Double Object Pronouns Me lo, te lo, nos lo. Se lo. Position of Object Pronouns With conjugated verbs. With infinitives. With present participles. With commands. Special Verbs with Indirect Objects Reflexive Pronouns With an indirect object pronoun. Prepositional Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Relative Pronouns Que. A quien, a quienes. El que, la que. With prepositions. Lo que. Cuyo. CHAPTER 7 Ser and estar With Predicate Nominative Origin versus Location Meaning “to take place.” Characteristic versus Condition Changes of Meaning Passive Voice CHAPTER 8 Por and para CHAPTER 9 Special Uses of Certain Verbs Acabar, acabarse. Acordarse de, recordar. Andar, ir, irse. Cuidar, cuidarse. Dar. Dejar. Hacer. Hacerse, llegar a ser, ponerse, volverse. Jugar, tocar. Pensar en, pensar de. Poner. Quedar. Saber, conocer. Servir para, servir de, servirse de. Tener. Volver, devolver, envolver. Answers to Exercises Special Grammar Considerations Verb Charts Companion Audio Recording