In-depth resource on mechanisms of oxidative stress and damage and the role of free radicals in disease, diagnosis, and therapeutics
Molecular Basis of Oxidative Stress is a comprehensive resource on the molecular and chemical bases of oxidative stress, providing insight on various diseases caused by oxidative stress (cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative) and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in disease pathogenesis along with in-depth knowledge about the mechanisms of oxidative stress and damage, free radical chemistry, and the role of free radicals in disease, diagnosis, and therapeutics.
Thoroughly updated and expanded to reflect advances in the years since its original publication, the Second Edition includes new chapters covering topics like oxidative stress mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies in the management and treatment of diseases. The disease section features 10 new emerging diseases, including kidney and eye diseases and COPD.
This Second Edition also covers developments in the field in the last several years, such as an increase in mortality rate from air pollution and obstructive pulmonary diseases in which exogenous oxidants are initiators.
Written by a team of highly qualified academics, Molecular Basis of Oxidative Stress discusses sample topics including:
Classification, physico-chemical properties, sources, and detection of reactive species and etiology of COPD from cigarette smoke and pollution Oxidative, reductive and indirect non-redox modifications of key biomolecular systems such as lipids, proteins, and DNA by reactive species Gene expression of antioxidant defense enzymes, mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant activation of NOX and cell signaling Biomarkers of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases and emerging fields inbiomarker discovery such as cysteinylated albumin and nitroalkene fatty acids
Imparting strong foundational knowledge of redox chemistry, chemistry of oxidative damage and mechanisms of oxidative stress, and oxidative stress-mediated disease pathogenesis, Molecular Basis of Oxidative Stress is an essential reference for both novice and advanced toxicologists, biochemists, and pharmacologists, along with clinical and medical scientists in various fields such as oncology, cardiovascular, andneuroscience.
List of Contributors xxi Preface to Second Edition xxix Preface First Edition xxxi 1 Chemistry of Reactive Species 1 Frederick A. Villamena 1.1 Redox Chemistry, 1 1.2 Classification of Reactive Species, 2 1.3 Reactive Oxygen Species, 4 1.4 Reactive Nitrogen Species, 15 1.5 Reactive Sulfur and Chlorine Species, 18 1.6 Reactivity, 23 1.7 Origins of Reactive Species, 27 1.8 Methods of Detection, 32 2 Lipid Peroxidation and Nitration 49 Sean S. Davies and Lilu Guo 2.1 Peroxidation of PUFAs, 49 2.2 Cyclic Endoperoxides and Their Products, 52 2.3 Fragmented Products of Lipid Peroxidation, 58 2.4 Epoxy Fatty Acids, 62 2.5 Lipid Nitrosylation, 62 3 Protein Posttranslational Modification 71 James L. Hougland, Joseph Darling, and Susan Flynn 3.1 Oxidative Stress-Related PTMs: Oxidation Reactions, 71 3.2 Amino Acid Modification by Oxidation-Produced Electrophiles, 80 3.3 Detection of Oxidative-Stress Related PTMs, 81 3.4 Role of PTMs in Cellular Redox Signaling, 84 4 DNA Oxidation 93 Dessalegn B. Nemera, Amy R. Jones, and Edward J. Merino 4.1 The Context of Cellular DNA Oxidation, 93 4.2 Oxidation of Oligonucleotides, 94 4.3 Examination of Specific Oxidative Lesions, 96 5 Cellular Antioxidants and Phase 2 Proteins 113 Yunbo Li 5.1 Definitions, 113 5.2 Roles in Oxidative Stress, 113 5.3 Molecular Regulation, 117 5.4 Induction in Chemoprevention, 119 5.5 Inactivation, 119 5.6 Conclusions and Perspectives, 121 6 Mitochondrial Dysfunction 129 Yeong-Renn Chen and Chwen-Lin Chen 6.1 Mitochondria and Submitochondrial Particles, 129 6.2 Energy Transduction, 131 6.3 Mitochondrial Stress, 132 6.4 Superoxide Anion Radical Generation as Mediated by ΔPH, Δψ, ETC, and Disease Pathogenesis, 133 7 NADPH Oxidases: Structure and Function 147 Mark T. Quinn 7.1 Introduction, 147 7.2 Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Structure, 147 7.3 Phagocyte ROS Production, 152 7.4 Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Function, 155 7.5 Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidase Structure, 156 7.6 Nonphagocyte ROS Production, 161 7.7 Functions of Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidases, 162 8 Cell Signaling and Transcription 189 Imran Rehmani, Fange Liu, and Aimin Liu 8.1 Common Mechanisms of Redox Signaling, 189 8.2 Redox and Oxygen-Sensitive Transcription Factors in Prokaryotes, 191 8.4 Oxygen Sensing in Metazoans, 200 8.5 Medical Significance of Redox and Oxygen-Sensing Pathways, 204 9 Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in Carcinogenesis 213 Rodrigo Franco, Aracely Garcia-Garcia, Thomas B. Kryston, Alexandros G. Georgakilas, Mihalis I. Panayiotidis, and Aglaia Pappa 9.1 Redox Environment and Cancer, 213 9.2 Oxidative Modifications to Biomolecules and Carcinogenesis, 217 9.3 Measurement of Oxidative DNA Damage in Human Cancer, 223 9.4 Epigenetic Involvement in Oxidative Stress-Induced Carcinogenesis, 223 9.5 Deregulation of Cell Death Pathways by Oxidative Stress in Cancer Progression, 226 10 Neurodegeneration from Drugs and Aging-Derived Free Radicals 247 Annmarie Ramkissoon, Aaron M. Shapiro, Margaret M. Loniewska, and Peter G. Wells 10.1 ROS Formation, 247 10.2 Protection against ROS, 273 10.3 Nrf2 Regulation of Protective Responses, 279 11 Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion 321 Murugesan Velayutham and Jay L. Zweier 11.1 Oxygen in the Heart, 321 11.2 Sources of ROS during Ischemia and Reperfusion, 322 11.3 Modulation of Substrates, Metabolites, and Cofactors during I-R, 326 11.4 ROS-Mediated Cellular Communication during I-R, 328 11.5 ROS and Cell Death during Ischemia and Reperfusion, 329 11.6 Potential Therapeutic Strategies, 330 12 Atherosclerosis: Oxidation Hypothesis 339 Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu, Dmitry Litvinov, Xueting Jiang, Zhaohui Yang, and Sampath Parthasarathy 12.1 Lipid Peroxidation, 339 12.2 Oxidation Hypothesis of Atherosclerosis, 340 12.3 Animal Models of Atherosclerosis, 341 12.4 Aldehyde Generation from Peroxidized Lipids, 343 13 Cystic Fibrosis 355 Neal S. Gould and Brian J. Day 13.1 Lung Disease Characteristics in CF, 355 13.2 Role of CFTR in the Lung, 358 13.3 Oxidative Stress in the CFTR-Deficient Lung, 358 13.4 Antioxidant Therapies for CF, 361 14 Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution 369 Andrew J. Ghio and Urmila Kodavanti 14.1 Exposure to Cigarette Smoke, 369 14.2 Air Pollution Particles, 371 14.3 Ozone, 374 14.4 Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides, 374 14.5 Interaction between PM and Oxidant Gases, 375 14.6 Oxidative Stress and Mechanistic Pathways of Disease After Exposure to Air Pollutants, 375 15 Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 381 Peter J. Barnes 15.1 Introduction, 381 15.2 Increased Oxidative Stress in COPD, 382 15.3 Effects of Oxidative Stress in COPD, 384 15.4 Strategies for Reducing Oxidative Stress, 386 15.5 Conclusions 389 16 Oxidative Stress in the Eye 395 Annie K. Ryan, Wade W. Rich, Peter A. Jansen, Megan M. Allyn, Katelyn E. Swindle-Reilly, and Matthew A. Reilly 16.1 Introduction, 395 16.2 The Cornea, 396 16.3 The Lens, 400 16.4 The Vitreous Humor, 403 16.5 The Retina and Optic Nerve, 404 16.6 Therapeutic Approaches to ROS Elevation in the Eye, 407 16.7 Conclusion, 408 17 The Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 417 Ara Aboolian, Jordan Younes, Alejandra Romero, Jay C. Jha, Karin Jandeleit-Dahm, and Jaroslawna Meister 17.1 Introduction, 417 17.2 Sources of Oxidative Stress in CKD, 419 17.3 Mechanisms by Which Oxidative Stress Contributes to CKD, 421 17.4 Interplay Between Oxidative Stress and Senescence in CKD, 423 17.5 Treatment Options for CKD, 423 18 Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases 437 Rukhsana Sultana, Giovanna Cenini, and D. Allan Butterfield 18.1 Introduction, 437 18.2 Biomarkers of Protein Oxidation/Nitration, 439 18.3 Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation, 441 18.4 Biomarkers of Carbohydrate Oxidation, 444 18.5 Biomarkers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation, 445 19 Cysteinylated Albumin as Oxidative Stress Biomarker and Therapeutic Target 455 Alessandra Altomare, Giulio Vistoli, Cristina Banfi, and Giancarlo Aldini 19.1 Introduction, 455 19.2 Cellular and Extracellular Thiols Distribution, 455 19.3 HSA and CYS34, 456 19.4 CYS34 Reactivity and Reactions, 458 19.5 CYS34 Oxidized Forms in Physio-Pathological Conditions, 460 19.6 Endogenous Regulation of Intracellular and Extracellular Thiol-Redox Homeostasis, 462 19.7 Molecular and Therapeutic Strategies for Reversing Mercaptalbumin from the Oxidized Forms, 462 19.8 Conclusion, 464 20 Nitroalkene Fatty Acids: Formation, Metabolism, Reactivity, and Signaling 469 Martina Steglich, Martín Sosa, Francisco J. Schopfer, and Lucía Turell 20.1 Introduction, 469 20.2 Diet and Fatty Acids, 469 20.3 Nitroalkene Fatty Acids in Vivo Formation, 470 20.4 Metabolism and Distribution, 471 20.5 Reactivity of Nitroalkene Fatty Acids, 472 20.6 Nitroalkylation as A Protein Post-Translational Modification, 473 20.7 Nitrooleic Acid and Disease, 475 20.8 Concluding Remarks, 477 21 Synthetic Antioxidants 483 Grégory Durand 21.1 Endogenous Enzymatic System of Defense, 483 21.2 Metal-Based Synthetic Antioxidants, 484 21.3 Nonmetal-Based Antioxidants, 488 21.4 Nitrones, 495 References, 504 Index 513
Frederick A. Villamena, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology at The Ohio State University, College of Medicine. Henry Jay Forman, PhD, is both Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry at the University of California, Merced and Research Professor Emeritus of Gerontology at the University of Southern California Leonard Davis School of Gerontology.
