Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology for Paramedics

Contributors xiv About the Editors xviii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi Chapter 1 Learning the Language: Terminology 1 Ian Peate Introduction 1 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Anatomy 2 Physiology 8 Terminology 10 Pathophysiology 11 The Determinants of Health 14 Using a Medical Dictionary, Hints and Tips 15 Summary 17 References 17 Further Reading 18 Online Resources 18 Glossary 18 Multiple Choice Questions 18 Chapter 2 Cell and Body Tissue Physiology 20 Terry Dore and Ian Peate Introduction 20 Cell Anatomy and Function 21 The Cell Membrane 22 The Cytoplasm 23 The Nucleus 23 Cellular Reproduction 24 Differentiation 26 Cellular Organelles 26 Body Tissues 28 The Ageing Process 29 Summary 30 References 30 Further Reading 31 Online Resources 31 Glossary 31 Multiple Choice Questions 32 Chapter 3 Homeostasis 34 Sadie Diamond- Fox and Alexandra Gatehouse Introduction 34 Homeostatic Mechanisms 35 Thermoregulation 36 Blood Glucose Homeostasis 38 Arterial Blood Pressure Homeostasis 41 Plasma Osmolality and Electrolyte Homeostasis 42 Acid–Base Homeostasis 45 Blood Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Homeostasis 45 Summary 48 References 48 Further Reading 49 Online Resources 49 Glossary 49 Multiple Choice Questions 50 Chapter 4 Trauma and Inflammation 52 Kylie Kendrick and Scott Stewart Introduction 52 Pathophysiology of Trauma and Inflammation 54 Management 57 Summary 61 References 61 Further Reading 64 Online Resources 64 Glossary 64 Multiple Choice Questions 66 Chapter 5 Shock 68 Matt Wilkinson- Stokes Introduction 68 Shock 69 Pathophysiology of Shock 70 Burn Shock 76 Stages of Shock 78 Identification of Shock 81 Management of Shock 82 Summary 85 Acknowledgement 86 References 86 Online Resources 87 Glossary 87 Multiple Choice Questions 87 Chapter 6 The Nervous System and Its Associated Disorders 89 Tom E. Mallinson Introduction 89 Central Nervous System 90 Peripheral Nervous System 97 Disorders of the Nervous System 101 Traumatic Brain Injury 102 Stroke 111 Dementia 113 Seizures and Epilepsy 117 Summary 120 References 120 Further Reading 121 Online Resources 122 Glossary 122 Multiple Choice Questions 123 Chapter 7 The Cardiovascular System and Its Associated Disorders 125 Tom E. Mallinson Introduction 125 Gross Anatomy 126 Cardiac Cycle 129 Diseases of the Heart 134 Electrical 143 Diseases of the Vasculature 145 Summary 146 References 146 Further Reading 147 Online Resources 147 Glossary 148 Multiple Choice Questions 149 Chapter 8 The Blood and Associated Disorders 151 David Yore Introduction 151 Functions of Blood 152 Composition of Blood 152 Blood Groups 155 White Blood Cells 156 Haemostasis 158 Areas of Internal Bleeding of Concern 161 Care and Management of Internal Bleeding 163 Anaemia 166 Sepsis 169 External Considerations 170 Intracranial Bleeding 170 Leukaemia 171 Haemophilia 172 Summary 173 References 174 Further Reading 174 Online Resources 174 Glossary 175 Multiple Choice Questions 176 Chapter 9 The Renal System and Associated Disorders 178 Liam Rooney Introduction 178 Kidneys 179 Regulating Blood Pressure: the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System 182 Ureters 183 Urinary Bladder 184 Urethra 185 Disorders of the Renal System 186 Renal Calculi 186 Urinary Tract Infections 190 Glomerular Disease 192 Diabetic Nephropathy 192 Acute Kidney Injury 193 Chronic Kidney Disease 193 Tumours 194 Ageing and the Renal System 195 Trauma 195 Summary 195 References 196 Further Reading 196 Online Resources 196 Glossary 197 Multiple Choice Questions 197 Chapter 10 The Respiratory System and Associated Disorders 199 Ian Macleod and Simon Sawyer Introduction 200 Anatomy and Physiology 201 Disease Processes of the Respiratory System 205 Summary 215 References 215 Further Reading 216 Online Resources 216 Glossary 216 Multiple Choice Questions 217 Chapter 11 The Gastrointestinal System and Associated Disorders 219 Ian Peate and Neil Coleman Introduction 220 Components of the Gastrointestinal System 221 Conditions of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 227 Conditions of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract 229 The Acute Abdomen 231 Accessory Organs 232 Summary 236 References 237 Further Reading 237 Online Resources 237 Glossary 237 Multiple Choice Questions 238 Chapter 12 The Endocrine System and Associated Disorders 240 Sadie Diamond- Fox and Alexandra Gatehouse Introduction 241 Physiology of the Endocrine System 241 Hormones 241 Control of Hormones 245 Introduction to Common Endocrine Pathologies 247 Clinical Features of Endocrine Disorders 247 Pituitary Disorders 247 Thyroid Disorders 249 Parathyroid Disorders 253 Adrenal Disorders 253 Pancreatic Disorders 256 Summary 260 References 260 Further Reading 260 Online Resources 261 Glossary 261 Multiple Choice Questions 261 Chapter 13 The Reproductive Systems and Associated Disorders 263 Tim Millington and Aimee Yarrington The Female Reproductive System 264 Antepartum Haemorrhage 274 The Male Reproductive System 276 Summary 287 References 287 Further Reading 289 Online Resources 289 Glossary 289 Multiple Choice Questions 289 Chapter 14 Pain 291 Rory Prevett Introduction 291 The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain 292 Nociceptor Transduction 293 Transmission 293 Modulation 293 Perception 295 Pain Theories 296 Pathophysiology 297 Pain Assessment 300 Adult Assessment 300 Paediatric Assessment 303 The Biopsychosocial Approach 306 Pain Management 306 Summary 310 References 310 Further Reading 311 Online Resources 311 Glossary 311 Multiple Choice Questions 311 Chapter 15 The Musculoskeletal System and Associated Disorders 313 George Bell- Starr and Ashley Ingram Introduction 313 The Musculoskeletal System 314 Bone Development and Structure 314 Joints 316 Muscle 318 The Nervous System 319 Common Musculoskeletal Presentations 319 Lower Back Pain 321 Arthritis 321 Osteoporosis 322 Assessing Musculoskeletal Presentations 323 Treating Musculoskeletal Presentations 325 Summary 328 References 328 Further Reading 329 Online Resources 329 Glossary 329 Multiple Choice Questions 330 Chapter 16 Fluid, Electrolyte Balance and Associated Disorders 332 Noleen P. Jones Introduction 332 Body Fluid Compartments 333 Composition of Body Fluid 333 Body Fluid Balance 334 Osmosis 335 Electrolytes 336 Diffusion 337 Hormones That Regulate Fluid and Electrolytes 337 Oedema 339 Pulmonary Oedema 339 Peripheral Oedema 340 Disorders Associated with Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance 340 Nausea and Vomiting 343 Nausea 343 Vomiting 343 Clinical Investigations 346 Caring for the Patient with Oedema 346 Pulmonary Oedema 347 Peripheral Oedema 348 Summary 350 References 351 Further Reading 351 Online Resources 352 Glossary of Terms 352 Multiple Choice Questions 353 Chapter 17 The Skin and Associated Disorders 355 Melanie Stephens and Derek Fox Introduction 356 Anatomy and Physiology 356 Function of the Skin 361 Wound Healing 361 Assessment 362 Wound Assessment 366 Skin Infections: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal 367 Generalised Pustular Psoriasis 369 Wounds 369 Types of Wounds 370 Factitious/Iatrogenic/Self- Harm Wounds 372 Summary 375 References 376 Further Reading 377 Online Resources 377 Glossary 377 Multiple Choice Questions 378 Chapter 18 The Ears and Eyes 380 Carl Clare Introduction 380 The Senses of Equilibrium and Hearing 381 The Structure of the Ear 381 Equilibrium 384 Hearing 384 Disorders of the Ear 388 Ménière’s Disease 391 The Sense of Sight 392 Lacrimal Apparatus 394 The Eye 394 The Processing of Visual Information 399 Disorders of the Eye 399 Summary 402 References 403 Further Reading 403 Online Resources 403 Glossary 404 Multiple Choice Questions 404 Chapter 19 Death and Dying 406 Sarah Lumley and Simon Sawyer Introduction 406 The Process of Dying 407 The Grieving Process 408 Palliative Care 409 Advance Decision to Refuse Treatment 409 Assisted Dying 411 Sudden Unexpected Death in Paediatrics 411 Paramedic Management of Death and Dying 412 Summary 417 References 418 Further Reading 419 Online Resources 419 Glossary 419 Multiple Choice Questions 420 Multiple Choice Answers 422 Index 430