Equine Neonatal Medicine

List of Contributors xiv Foreword xix Preface xx Part I The Newborn Foal 1 Chapter 1 Postpartum Adaptation of the Newborn Foal 3 Section I Fetal Heart Rate and Fetal ECG 3 Section II Fetal Circulation and Cardiorespiratory Transition 8 Section III Maturation of the Lung and the Surfactant System 12 Section IV Onset of Breathing 26 Section V Control of Breathing 32 Section VI Renal Transition from Fetus to Newborn 37 Section VII Newborn Physical Examination 42 Chapter 2 Principles and Theory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 51 Chapter 3 The Premature and Dysmature Neonatal Foal 64 Part II Disorders of the Neonatal Foal 79 Neonatal Respiratory System 81 Chapter 4 Embryology and Anatomy of the Respiratory System 81 Chapter 5 Clinical Neonatal Respiratory Physiology 84 Chapter 6 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Respiratory System 90 Section I Physical Examination 90 Section II Thoracic Radiography of the Neonatal Foal 94 Section III Thoracic Ultrasonography of the Neonatal Foal 101 Section IV Advanced Imaging (ct, Mri) of the Neonatal Respiratory System 109 Section V Inhalation Therapy 117 Section VI Ventilator Therapy 126 Chapter 7 Congenital Disorders of the Respiratory System 140 Chapter 8 Respiratory Disorders 153 Section I Disorders of Breathing Pattern in the Neonatal Foal 153 Section II Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders 156 Section III Meconium Aspiration Syndrome 183 Section IV Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn 189 Section V Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum 196 Section VI Diaphragmatic Hernias 201 Section VII Miscellaneous Disorders of the Respiratory System 206 Section VIII Nonpulmonary Disease Processes Manifesting as Respiratory Disease 216 Neonatal Cardiovascular System 224 Chapter 9 Embryology and Anatomy of the Heart 224 Chapter 10 Clinical Neonatal Cardiac Physiology 232 Chapter 11 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Cardiovascular System 238 Section I Examination of the Cardiovascular System 238 Section II Echocardiography 244 Section III Advanced Cardiac Monitoring in Foals 259 Section IV Central Venous Pressure 268 Section V Cardiovascular Medications for the Neonatal Foal 273 Chapter 12 Congenital Heart Defects 284 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular Disorders of the Neonatal Foal 315 Section I Arrhythmias 315 Section II Pathophysiology of Shock Syndromes in the Neonatal Foal 323 Section III Catheter- Associated Thrombophlebitis 337 Neonatal Digestive System 343 Chapter 14 Embryology and Anatomy of the Digestive Tract 343 Chapter 15 Examination of the Digestive Tract 351 Section I Physical Examination of the Digestive System 351 Section II Abdominocentesis and Cytologic Evaluation of Peritoneal Fluid 354 Section III Ultrasonographic Examination of the Neonatal Foal Abdomen 357 Section IV Endoscopy of the Digestive Tract 369 Section V Radiography of the Alimentary Tract 374 Section VI Oral Lactose Tolerance Test and Oral Glucose Absorption Test 387 Section VII Liver Biopsy 389 Section VIII Diagnostic Tests and Fecal Analysis in the Neonatal Foal with Diarrhea 391 Section IX Nutritional Support 396 Section X Prokinetic Therapy in Foals 402 Section XI Endotoxemia in the Neonatal Foal 407 Chapter 16 Congenital Disorders of the Equine Gastrointestinal Tract 421 Chapter 17 Gastrointestinal Disorders 436 Section I Causes of Dysphagia in the Neonatal Foal 436 Section II Gastroduodenal Ulcer Syndrome and Ileus in the Foal 442 Section III Enteritis, Colitis, and Diarrhea 451 Section IV Peritonitis 471 Section V Meconium Impaction 482 Section VI Hernias 487 Section VII Intestinal Hyperammonemia 491 Chapter 18 The Acute Abdomen in the Neonatal Foal 495 Chapter 19 Hepatobiliary Diseases 525 Neonatal Endocrine System 543 Chapter 20 Endocrine Physiology in the Neonatal Foal 543 Section I The Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenal Axis and Steroid Hormones 545 Section II Energy and Growth Hormones 556 Section III Thyroid Hormones 563 Section IV Hormones Involved in Blood Pressure and Blood Volume Regulation 567 Section V Hormones Involved in Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Regulation 573 Chapter 21 Endocrine Disorders in Foals 580 Section I Disorders of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis and Neurosteroids 582 Section II Disorders of Energy and Growth Hormones 589 Section III Disorders of Thyroid Hormones 594 Section IV Disorders of Hormones Involved in Blood Pressure and Volume Regulation 599 Section V Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis 603 Section VI Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders 611 Neonatal Urinary System 629 Chapter 22 Embryology and Anatomy of the Urogenital System 629 Chapter 23 Clinical Neonatal Renal Physiology 638 Chapter 24 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Urinary System 644 Section I Examination of the Urinary System 644 Section II Medications Acting on the Urinary System 654 Section III Renal Replacement Therapies 662 Chapter 25 Congenital Urogenital Disorders 670 Chapter 26 Renal Disorders in Neonatal Foals 676 Chapter 27 Urinary Tract Disorders 684 Neonatal Nervous System 705 Chapter 28 Embryology and Anatomy of the Neonatal Nervous System 705 Chapter 29 Physiology of the Neonatal Nervous System 712 Chapter 30 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Nervous System 724 Section I Neurologic Examination of the Neonatal Foal 724 Section II Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Analysis 730 Section III Electrodiagnostics in the Neonatal Foal 734 Section IV Intracranial Pressure Monitoring 739 Section V Medications Acting on the Neonatal Nervous System 741 Chapter 31 Congenital Nervous System Disorders 759 Section I Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy 759 Section II Lavender Foal Syndrome 763 Section III Cerebellar Abiotrophy 765 Section IV Deafness in Foals 768 Section V Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation (oaam) in Foals 770 Section VI Miscellaneous Congenital Disorders of the Nervous System 773 Chapter 32 Nervous System Disorders 784 Section I Infectious and Inflammatory – Bacterial Meningoencephalomyelitis 784 Section II Infectious and Inflammatory – Sarcocystis and Neospora in the Mare and Foal 787 Section III Infectious and Inflammatory – Tetanus in the Neonatal Foal 795 Section IV Toxicities – Neurotoxicities 806 Section V Pathophysiology and Treatment of Central Nervous System Trauma in the Foal 831 Section VI Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury in the Foal 858 Section VII Metabolic Causes of Neurologic Dysfunction 886 Section VIII Idiopathic – Neonatal Encephalopathy 895 Section IX Idiopathic – Neonatal Epileptic Seizures 915 Section X Idiopathic – Narcolepsy in Foals 919 Section XI Autoimmune – Kernicterus 921 Section XII Nervous System Neoplasia 925 Section XIII Peripheral Nerve Disorders – Nerve Injury Secondary to Dystocia 927 Section XIV Peripheral Nerve Disorders – Botulism 931 Neonatal Musculoskeletal System 940 Chapter 33 Embryology and Anatomy of the Neonatal Musculoskeletal System 940 Chapter 34 Clinical Neonatal Musculoskeletal Physiology 950 Chapter 35 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Neonatal Musculoskeletal System 953 Section I Diagnostic Tests 953 Section II Medications for Intra- Articular and Musculoskeletal Use in the Neonatal Foal 961 Chapter 36 Congenital and Acquired Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Neonatal Foal 976 Chapter 37 Musculoskeletal Disorders 992 Section I Infectious Neonatal Musculoskeletal Disorders 992 Section II Noninfectious Neonatal Musculoskeletal Disorders 1007 Neonatal Integumentary System 1024 Chapter 38 Embryology and Anatomy of the Integument 1024 Chapter 39 Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of Skin Diseases in the Foal 1026 Chapter 40 Congenital and Inherited Skin Disorders 1031 Chapter 41 Skin Disorders in the Neonatal Foal 1043 Neonatal Hematology and Clinical Chemistry 1049 Chapter 42 Development of Hemopoiesis in the Foal 1049 Chapter 43 Evaluation of the Hematopoietic System – Flow Cytometry 1055 Chapter 44 Clinical Chemistry in the Foal 1060 Chapter 45 Hematologic Disorders 1073 Neonatal Immunology & Infection 1089 Chapter 46 Innate Immunity in the Foal 1089 Chapter 47 Humoral Immunity & Transfer of Maternal Immunity 1099 Chapter 48 Cellular Immunity in the Neonatal Foal 1109 Chapter 49 Congenital Disorders of Immunity 1113 Chapter 50 Neonatal Infection 1126 Section I Bacterial Sepsis 1126 Section II Viral Infections 1156 Neonatal Ophthalmology 1178 Chapter 51 Embryology and Anatomy of the Equine Eye 1178 Chapter 52 Ocular Physiology and Vision in the Equine Neonate 1185 Chapter 53 Examination, Diagnostics and Therapeutics of the Neonatal Equine Eye 1197 Chapter 54 Congenital Ocular Abnormalities in the Foal 1214 Chapter 55 Inherited Ocular Disorders 1222 Chapter 56 Acquired Ocular Diseases in Neonatal Foals 1234 General Treatment Principles for the Equine Neonate 1245 Chapter 57 Neonatal Care at the Farm 1245 Chapter 58 Feeding the Neonatal Foal 1259 Chapter 59 Critical Care Techniques in the Neonatal Foal 1268 Section I Foal Restraint and Handling 1268 Section II Sedation of the Neonatal Foal 1272 Section III Nasotracheal and Orotracheal Intubation 1273 Section IV Placement of Nasal Insufflation Tube 1275 Section V Nasogastric Tube Placement 1277 Section VI Intravenous Catheter Selection, Placement, Maintenance, and Monitoring 1280 Section VII Intraosseous Infusion Technique 1287 Section VIII Treatment of Hypothermia 1290 Section IX Direct and Indirect Blood Pressure Measurement 1294 Section X Urinary Catheter Placement 1296 Section XI Arterial and Venous Blood Gas Collection 1300 Section XII Capnography 1302 Section XIII Neonatal Transfusion Therapy 1305 Section XIV Umbilical Care 1312 Section xv Point- of- Care Monitors in Neonatal Medicine 1314 Chapter 60 Special Considerations in Pharmacology of the Neonatal Foal 1320 Chapter 61 Antimicrobial Therapy in the Neonatal Foal 1328 Chapter 62 Fluid Therapy in the Neonatal Foal 1344 Chapter 63 Nonsteroidal Anti- inflammatory Drugs and Analgesics in the Neonatal Foal 1358 Chapter 64 Anesthesia of the Neonatal Foal 1366 Chapter 65 Necropsy Examination and Sample Submission of the Fetus, Fetal Membranes, and Foal 1395 Chapter 66 Special Considerations for the Neonatal Donkey and Mule Foal 1399 Part III The Periparturient Mare 1419 Chapter 67 Colic in the Periparturient Mare 1421 Chapter 68 Cesarean Section 1436 Chapter 69 The High- Risk Pregnancy 1439 Chapter 70 Poor Maternal Behavior, Induction of Lactation, and Foal Grafting 1448 Chapter 71 Maternal Complications Associated with Parturition 1453 Chapter 72 Anesthesia of the Late- Term Mare 1467 Appendix Formulary for Equine Neonatal Medications 1478 Index 1505