This interdisciplinary volume deals with the most painful situations encountered by animals in the wild or under human guardianship. It seeks to illustrate some remarkable cases and present a general picture of the commodification of animals.
This volume starts with an exploration of the capture of animals intended for European zoological parks, the treatment of animals in South Korea, pig farming in China and animal testing in Europe. It goes on to explore animal politics, with a focus on Europe. The moral problems posed by the different types of harm caused to animals are then approached from the vantage point of moral philosophy.
Finally, the points of view of veterinary sciences and applied ethics related to animal emotions, suffering and death complete the picture.
Introduction xi Florence BURGAT Chapter 1 Extraction and Captive Management of Wild Animals, 18th Century to Present Day 1 Violette POUILLARD 1.1 Preamble: ancient practices 1 1.2 Birth of the modern zoo: new forms of animal captivity 2 1.3 The rise of the animal trade 5 1.4 A collective appropriation of wildlife 7 1.5 The confinement of wild animals 9 1.6 Zoo ethics 12 1.7 Captive breeding 14 1.8 Capture and conservation 17 1.9 References 18 Chapter 2 Pig Welfare in China 25 Peter J. li 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Pig farming: an overview 26 2.2.1 History 26 2.2.2 Contemporary China 28 2.2.3 The reform era (1978–the present) 29 2.2.4 Pig farming with Chinese characteristics 31 2.3 Animal welfare 35 2.3.1 A new challenge 35 2.3.2 Breeding sow welfare 36 2.3.3 Live transport 37 2.3.4 Culling and slaughter 38 2.4 Conclusion 40 2.5 References 42 Chapter 3 Dogs “Outside the Law”: An Ethnographic Look at Animal Lives in South Korea 47 Julien DUGNOILLE 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Talking about South Korean dogs in order to talk about animal lives 49 3.2.1 The socio-cultural context of dog meat consumption 49 3.2.2 “Animal welfare” in Korean legislation 52 3.3 Animal lives in markets 55 3.3.1 Introducing Moran Market 55 3.3.2 Ethnographic overview 57 3.4 On the condition of the dogs 60 3.5 Conclusion 62 3.6 References 63 Chapter 4 The Legal Status of Animals in European Law 67 Fabien MARCHADIER 4.1 Introduction 67 4.1.1. Emergence of a legal protection of the animal by the European Union 67 4.1.2 Realization of the legal protection of animals by the European Union: the concept of welfare 70 4.2 Institutionalized suffering 72 4.2.1 Inevitable suffering 72 4.2.2 Justifiable suffering 75 4.3 Normalized suffering 77 4.3.1 Living conditions 78 4.3.2 Mutilation 80 4.4 List of abbreviations 83 4.5 References 83 Chapter 5 How Do the Regulations and the Various Stakeholders Take the Pain of Animals Subjected to Experimental Procedures into Account? 85 Muriel OBRIET 5.1 Animal experimentation: figures and regulatory approach to animal pain 85 5.1.1 European Commission reports 85 5.1.2 Global data on animal experimentation 86 5.1.3 Data on the suffering of animals subjected to experimentation 87 5.1.4 Assessment of pain in animals and practices that are ethically acceptable according to the Directive 88 5.1.5 Silenced pain and suffering 91 5.2 How are the regulations regarding the assessment of pain in animals used for scientific or educational purposes applied? 93 5.2.1 Upstream of the project 93 5.2.2 At the time of project design 94 5.2.3 Before the start of the project 96 5.2.4 During and after the project 97 5.3 The obstacles to taking animal interests into account 100 5.3.1 Market law and globalization 100 5.3.2 The power of lobbyists 101 5.3.3 Intentions but a lack of voluntarism 102 5.3.4 A biased and uninformed evaluation of projects 103 5.3.5 Lack of qualifications of personnel using animals 104 5.4 Conclusion 106 5.5 References 107 Chapter 6 Altruism Towards Animals and the Economy 111 Romain ESPINOSA 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Methods for assessing altruism towards animals 113 6.2.1 Utility, social welfare and willingness to pay 113 6.2.2 Measuring willingness to pay for animal welfare 115 6.3 Main results 117 6.3.1 Examples of spontaneous market developments and altruism for animals 118 6.3.2 Examples of legislative developments and altruism for animals 119 6.3.3 Meta-analyses of the willingness to pay for animals 122 6.3.4 Is willingness to pay the result of altruism? 123 6.3.5 Does social pressure affect our altruism towards animals? 124 6.4 Limitations and perspectives 125 6.5 References 126 Chapter 7 Causing Pain versus Killing 129 Tatjana VIŠAK 7.1 Introduction 129 7.2 Animals and the harm of death 131 7.2.1 Frustration of wants 132 7.2.2 Deprivation of value/life comparative view 133 7.3 Population ethics 134 7.4 Metaethics 137 7.5 Conclusion 138 7.6 References 139 Chapter 8 Wild Animal Suffering 141 Oscar HORTA 8.1 What does the term “wild animal suffering” mean? 142 8.1.1 The harms we are talking about when we speak of wild animal suffering 142 8.1.2 The animals we are talking about when we speak of wild animal suffering 144 8.1.3 Other related terms 144 8.2 What the lives of wild animals are like 145 8.2.1 Factors causing wild animals to suffer 145 8.2.2 The extent of the harms wild animals suffer 146 8.2.3 Some promising ways of helping animals in the wild 147 8.2.4 Vaccination 148 8.2.5 Rescuing animals affected by weather events 148 8.2.6 Helping animals living in urban, suburban, industrial and agricultural areas 149 8.2.7 Contraception 149 8.2.8 Reducing overall wild animal suffering in different ecosystems 150 8.3 The ethical case for helping wild animals, summarized 150 8.4 Epistemic objections 151 8.5 Promoting scientific work in welfare biology 152 8.5.1 How previous work can be very useful 152 8.5.2 Why cross-disciplinary work is needed 153 8.5.3 Benefits for the consideration of the problem and for policymaking 154 8.6 Conclusion 155 8.7 References 156 Chapter 9 Reflections on the Ethics of Veterinary Medicine 161 Philippe DEVIENNE 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 Is medical practice ethical? 162 9.2.1 Veterinary medicine is the result of a scientific practice… 162 9.2.2 … which establishes deontic actions qualified as irreproachable… 164 9.2.3 … while science cannot be the guardian of morality 165 9.3 What kind of ethics? 166 9.3.1 From Principles to casuistry 167 9.3.2 Intermediate versions between the great principles and casuistry 170 9.3.3 A profession subject to the economics of its business 175 9.4 Another view 177 9.4.1 Breaking out of the circle of ethical justifications… 177 9.4.2 … to improvise relationships to other animals… 179 9.4.3 … in a singular relationship of humanity 180 9.5 Conclusion 181 9.6 References 181 Chapter 10 Pain and Fear in Fishes: Implications for the Humane Use of Fishes 185 Lynne U. SNEDDON 10.1 The use of fishes 185 10.2 Pain in fish 187 10.2.1 Whole animal responses to pain 188 10.2.2 Motivational alterations 191 10.3 Fear in fish 192 10.3.1 Neural substrate of fear 192 10.3.2 Consistent suite of fear responses 194 10.3.3 Impact of anti-anxiety drugs 196 10.4 Implications in the use of fishes 197 10.5 Conclusion 200 10.6 References 201 Chapter 11 Welfare, Sentience and Pain: Concepts, Ethics and Attitudes 211 Donald M. BROOM 11.1 Welfare 211 11.2 One health, one welfare, one biology 214 11.3 Sentience 215 11.4 Pain 217 11.5 Welfare and moral actions 219 11.6 References 221 Conclusion 227 Emilie DARDENNE List of Authors 235 Index 237
Florence Burgat is head of research in philosophy at INRAE, seconded at l'ENS, Paris. Her work focuses on animal existence, especially from a phenomenological perspective. Emilie Dardenne is senior lecturer in English and animal studies at Université Rennes 2, France, where she heads the animals and society teaching program. Her research interests include mainstream and critical animal studies.
