Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas

Contents Preface xi Section I Behavior and Capture Techniques 1 1 Behavior and Capture Techniques 3 David E. Anderson Section II Physical Restraint and Injection Sites 9 2 Haltering 11 Meredyth L. Jones 3 Manual Restraint 14 David E. Anderson 4 Chute Restraint 21 Meredyth L. Jones 5 Ear Squeeze (Ear Twitch) 24 Meredyth L. Jones 6 Injections—Subcutaneous (SC), Intramuscular (IM), Intradermal (ID), Intravenous (IV) 26 Meredyth L. Jones Section III Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia 31 7 Sedation and Tranquilization 33 David E. Anderson 8 Injectable Anesthesia 37 David E. Anderson 9 Orotracheal Intubation 41 David E. Anderson 10 Nasotracheal Intubation 45 David E. Anderson 11 Percutaneous Tracheal Intubation (Also Referred to as Retrograde Tracheal Intubation) 48 Matt D. Miesner Section IV Catheterization 53 12 Vascular Catheterization—Jugular Vein 55 Meredyth L. Jones 13 Vascular Catheterization—Cephalic Vein 61 Meredyth L. Jones 14 Vascular Catheterization—Saphenous Vein 63 Meredyth L. Jones 15 Vascular Catheterization—Lateral Thoracic Vein 65 Meredyth L. Jones 16 Vascular Catheterization—Auricular Artery and Vein 67 Meredyth L. Jones 17 Vascular Catheterization—Femoral Artery 69 Meredyth L. Jones 18 Intramedullary Cannulation of the Femur for Administration of Parenteral Fluids 71 David E. Anderson 19 Intraperitoneal Cannula for Plasma or Fluid Administration 75 David E. Anderson 20 Caudal (Sacro-coccygeal) Epidural Anesthesia 78 Matt D. Miesner 21 Epidural Catheterization 80 Matt D. Miesner 22 Lumbo-Sacral Epidural Anesthesia 85 Matt D. Miesner Section V Head and Neck 89 23 Anatomical Features of the Head and Neck 91 David E. Anderson 24 Dental Examination and Trimming 95 Meredyth L. Jones 25 Tooth Extraction—Oral Approach 100 David E. Anderson 26 Tooth Extraction—Lateral Approach to Premolars and Molars 105 David E. Anderson 27 Examination of the Ear 110 Matt D. Miesner Section VI Skin 115 28 Anatomical Comments on the Skin 117 Matt D. Miesner 29 Skin Scraping 121 Meredyth L. Jones and Patricia Payne 30 Skin Biopsy 124 Meredyth L. Jones 31 Toenail Trimming 128 Meredyth L. Jones Section VII Respiratory 131 32 Thorax Anatomy and Auscultation 133 Matt D. Miesner 33 Tracheotomy/Tracheostomy 135 Matt D. Miesner 34 Field Diagnosis of Choanal Atresia 139 David E. Anderson 35 Transtracheal Wash 143 Matt D. Miesner Section VIII Abdomen 147 36 Anatomical Comments on the Camelid Abdomen 149 Matt D. Miesner 37 Abdominal Ultrasound 152 Matt D. Miesner 38 Abdominocentesis 157 Matt D. Miesner 39 Liver Biopsy 161 Meredyth L. Jones 40 First Compartment Paracentesis (Rumenocentesis) and Fluid Evaluation 165 Meredyth L. Jones 41 Intubation of the First Forestomach Compartment (“C1” or “Pseudorumen”) 169 David E. Anderson 42 Laparotomy—Lateral Approach 173 David E. Anderson 43 Laparotomy—Ventral Midline 180 David E. Anderson 44 Laparoscopy 186 David E. Anderson 45 Creation of Stoma into First Forestomach Compartment (“Rumenostomy”) 191 David E. Anderson Section IX Musculoskeletal 195 46 Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Ambulation 197 David E. Anderson 47 Regional Intravenous Drug Perfusion 200 Meredyth L. Jones Section X Urinary System 203 48 Urinary Tract Examination and Anatomy 205 Meredyth L. Jones 49 Urethral Catheterization 208 Meredyth L. Jones 50 Ultrasound of the Urinary System 212 Matt D. Miesner 51 Cystocentesis 217 Meredyth L. Jones Section XI Female Genital Anatomy 221 52 Comments Regarding Female Genital Anatomy 223 David E. Anderson 53 Pregnancy Diagnosis 226 David E. Anderson 54 Procedure: Vaginoscopy and Uterine Culture 232 David E. Anderson 55 Teat and Udder Examination 236 David E. Anderson 56 Mastectomy (Udder Amputation) 239 Matt D. Miesner 57 Cesarean Section 243 David E. Anderson 58 Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Torsion 247 David E. Anderson Section XII Male Genital Anatomy 253 59 Male Genitalia Anatomical Comments and Breeding Behavior and Soundness 255 David E. Anderson 60 Examination of the Penis and Prepuce 258 David E. Anderson 61 Examination of Accessory Sex Glands 261 David E. Anderson 62 Examination of the Scrotum and Testicles 264 David E. Anderson 63 Semen Collection and Evaluation 267 David E. Anderson 64 Castration 272 Meredyth L. Jones Section XIII Nervous System 277 65 Neurological Examination and Anatomy 279 Meredyth L. Jones and Matt D. Miesner 66 Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Interpretation 283 Meredyth L. Jones Section XIV Ophthalmology 287 67 Eye Exam 289 Tracy Miesner and Matt Miesner 68 Nasolacrimal Duct Cannulation 293 Meredyth L. Jones 69 Conjunctivorhinostomy for Alleviation of Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction 295 David E. Anderson 70 Ocular Extirpation 298 David E. Anderson 71 Subpalpebral Lavage System 301 Tracy Miesner 72 Conjunctival Pedicle Graft 305 Tracy Miesner and Matt Miesner Section XV Miscellaneous 309 73 Blood Transfusion 311 Meredyth L. Jones 74 Plasma Transfusion 315 Meredyth L. Jones Index 317