The symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) might range from limb pain and heaviness to non -healing sores over the lower limbs. Venous hypertension involving the superficial, deep,
or perforator veins, whether brought on by valvular reflux,
blockage, or both, is responsible for the development of chronic venous insufficiency disease. Because aggressive conservat ive therapy, such as compression therapy, l ifestyle changes, and venotonic medicines, are all expensive treatments with a higher risk of recurrent symptoms in patients with chronic venous insufficiency, these patients often requi re some type of such intervention. About 60% of individuals who have primary valvular incompetence that causes cutaneous venous hypertension experience a range of cutaneous symptoms, the most severe of which present as ulcers over the medial malleolus.