Trace Elements in Coal and Coal Combustion Residues

INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1: Coal Ashes — Industrial Wastes or Beneficial By-Products? R F Keefer -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Results and Discussion -- Bottom Ash and Boiler Slag Applications -- Fly Ash Applications -- Elements Found in Fly Ash, Soils, Plants, and Animals -- Use of Fly Ash for Plant Growth -- Disadvantages -- Advantages -- Enrichment Ratios -- Emphasis in Present Work and Direction of Future Research References -- Chapter 2: An Overview of Electric Power Institute (EPRI) Research Related to Effective Management of Coal Combustion -- Residues -- I.P Murarka, S.V Mattigod, and R.F Keefer -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Characterization of Coal Combustion Solid Residues -- Physical Properties -- Chemical Properties -- Composition of Extracts and Leachates -- Laboratory Experiments -- EPA Regulatory Tests Applied to Coal Combustion -- Residues -- Predictions of Leachate Compositions -- Chemistry and Geochemistry of Residue Disposal -- Laboratory Studies on Geochemical Parameters -- Porewater and Leachate Composition from Field -- Experiments -- Fly Ash Test Cell -- Disposal of FGD Wastes -- Laboratory and Field Studies at Fly Ash Disposal -- Sites -- Development of Computer Models -- Applications to Solid Residue Disposal Systems -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM POWER PLANTS -- Chapter 3: Coal-Based Environmental Problems in a Low-Rainfall -- Tropical Region -- M. Agrawal, J. Singh, A. K. Jha, and J. S. Singh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Location of Study Sites -- Climate -- Geology and Soil -- Vegetation -- Thermal Power Plants -- Ambient Air Quality -- Plant Performance in Relation to Air Quality -- Fly Ash and Trace Elements -- Coal Mine Spoil -- Physicochemical and Biological Properties -- General Floristics -- Plant Community Development -- Community Characteristics -- Shoot Biomass -- Root Biomass -- Effect of Age and Microsites -- Evaluation of Mine Spoil as a Medium for Plant Growth -- Growth Performance of Certain Directly Seeded Plants -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4: Trace Element Concentrations in the Soft Tissue of Transplanted -- Freshwater Mussels Near a Coal-Fired Power Plant -- C. S. Klusek, M. Heit, and S. Hodgkiss -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Study Site -- Sample Transplanting and Collection -- Sample Preparation and Analysis -- Mussels -- Water and Sediment -- Analytical Quality Control -- Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Element Concentrations in Mussels -- Comparison of Metal Concentrations in Transplanted -- Mussels and Lake George Mussels -- Spatial and Temporal Variations in Mussel -- Concentrations -- Group 1 (Elevated) -- Group 2 -- Relation of Mussel Tissue Concentrations to Concentrations in Water and Surface Sediments -- Sediment and Water Concentrations -- Sediment Enrichment Factors -- Relation Between Mussel and Sediment -- Concentrations -- Relation Between Mussel and Water Concentrations Relation of Mussel Tissue Concentration to Coal- -- Combustion Products from Milliken Station -- Trace Elements Released from Milliken Station -- Relation of Metal Concentrations and Distance -- from the Power Plant -- Other Possible Sources of Pollution -- Marinas -- Agricultural Land Use -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- TESTS FOR AND MONITORING OF FOSSIL FUEL DISPERSION AND ASH DISPOSAL -- Chapter 5: Strontium and Lead Isotopes as Monitors of Fossil Fuel -- Dispersion -- R. W. Hurst, T. E. Davis, A. A. Elseewi, and A. L. Page -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Geochemistry of Sr -- Strontium in Mixtures -- Isotopic Fractionation -- Strontium Isotopes as Tracers of Fly Ash -- Lead Isotopic Evolution in the Crust -- Materials and Methods -- Coal-Fired Power Plant -- Coal Tar Site -- Results and Discussion -- Coal-Fired Power Plant -- Criteria for Tracing FFR Dispersion -- On-Site Soil Leachates -- Off-Site Leachates and Brittlebush -- Monitoring Well and Evaporation Pond Waters -- Coal Tar Site -- Lead Concentrations -- Lead Isotopic Composition -- Soil Samples -- Water Samples -- Strontium Concentration and Isotopic Results -- Conclusions -- Coal-Fired Power Plant -- Coal Tar Site -- References -- Chapter 6: Baker Soil Test Applications for Land Reclamation, -- Animal Health, and Food Chain Protection -- D. E. Baker, F. G. Pannebaker, J. P. Senft and J. P. Coetzee -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Theory and Evolution of the BST -- Description of the BST -- Applications of the BST -- Sewage Sludge Treated Soils -- Strip Mine Spoils -- Fly Ash Disposal Areas -- Soils Contaminated by Smelters -- Coal Refuse Disposal Sites -- Experiment No. 1 -- Experiment No. 2 -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- TRANSPORT AND LEACHABILITY OF METALS FROM COAL AND ASH PILES -- Chapter 7: Multicomponent Transport Through Soil Subjected to -- Coal Pile Runoff Under Steady Saturated Flow -- M. A. Anderson, P. M. Bertsch, and L. W. Zelazny -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Site -- Soils -- Column Leaching Experiments -- Analytical -- Speciation -- Results and Discussion -- Coal Pile Runoff -- Soils -- Column Leaching Experiments -- pH -- Major Components -- Alkali Metals -- Alkaline Earth Metals -- Transition Metals -- Influence of Flow Rate on Observed Transport -- Solubility Relations -- Simple Modeling of Transport -- Implications for Groundwater Systems -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Leachability of Ni, Cd, Cr, and As from Coal Ash Impoundments of Different Ages on the -- Savannah River Site -- S. S. Sandhu, G. L. Mills, and K. S. Sajwan -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Sampling Sites -- Sample Collection -- Leaching Studies -- Sample Analysis -- Results -- Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Ash -- Effects of Solution pH -- Leaching with Water -- Leaching with Acid -- Leaching with Base -- Effect of Redox Conditions -- Peroxide Leachate -- Reducing Leachate -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- USE OF COAL ASH FOR PLANT GROWTH -- Chapter 9: Extractable and Plant Concentrations of Metals in Amended -- Coal Ash -- A. P. Schwab -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Site Preparation -- Sampling and Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Properties of the Ash -- Vegetative Yield -- Availability Indices and Plant Uptake -- Nitrogen -- Potassium -- Phosphorus -- Magnesium -- Sodium -- Boron -- Copper and Mo -- Zinc -- Lead and Cd -- Manganese -- Barium, Ni, and Cr -- Arsenic and Se -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10: Uptake of Chemical Elements by Terrestrial Plants -- Growing on a Coal Fly Ash Landfill -- L. H. Weinstein, M. A. Arthur, R. E. Schneider, P. B. Woodbury J. A. Laurence, A. O. Beers, and G. Rubin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Soils -- Forage Crops -- First Cutting (Alfalfa, Clover, Timothy) -- Second Cutting (Alfalfa, Clover) -- Third Cutting (Alfalfa) -- Root Crops -- Early Summer Harvest -- Late Summer Harvest — Gypsum Experiment -- Gypsum Effects -- Sweet Com and Field Com -- Sweet Com -- Field Com -- Indigenous Species -- Bromegrass, Milkweed, and Birdsfoot Trefoil -- Bitterweed and Wild Carrot Grown on -- the Landfill -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11: Accumulation of Mo in Wheat and Alfalfa Grown on -- Fly Ash-Amended Acid Mine Spoils -- R. F. Keefer, D. K. Bhumbla, and R. N. Singh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Objectives -- Materials and Methods -- Fly Ash and Rock Phosphate -- Mine Spoils, Experimental Design, and Treatments -- Crops Grown, Harvesting Schedule, and Sample -- Preparation -- Plant Sample Analyses -- Soil Sampling and Analyses -- Statistical Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Molybdenum Concentrations in Alfalfa -- Molybdenum Concentrations in Alfalfa with Cropping -- Molybdenum Concentrations in Wheat -- Molybdenum Reactions in Soil -- pH Reactions in Soils Relative to Mo Availability -- Molybdenum Fixation in Soils -- Molybdenum Concentrations in Mine Spoils -- Molybdenum Toxicity in Animals -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 12: Elements in Coal and Coal Ash Residues and Their -- Potential for Agricultural Crops -- M. P. Menon, K. S. Sajwan, G. S. Ghuman, J. James, and K. Chandra -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Essential Elements for Plant Growth -- Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Elements in -- Ash Residues -- Physical and Chemical Properties -- Experimental Methods -- Materials Used in This Study -- Extraction of Elements from Coal and Coal Residues -- Column Studies to Measure Downward Movement of -- Elements in Soil -- Preparation of Fly Ash-Amended Composts -- Greenhouse Study -- Chemical Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Physical and Chemical Properties of Coal and Coal Ash -- Vertical Deposition of Elements in Coal Ashes -- Distribution of Elements in Coal and Coal Ashes -- Downward Transport of Elements in Soil -- Analysis of “Homemade” Composts and Fly -- Ash-Amended Composts -- Effect of Fly Ash-Amended Compost on -- Agricultural Crops -- Correlation Studies -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.