Santa Slokenberga is an associate professor in medical law and a senior lecturer in administrative law at the Faculty of Law, Uppsala University, Sweden. Katharina Ó Cathaoir is an Associate Professor of Law at the Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen and a Pro Futura Scientia Fellow at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Studies, Sweden. Mahsa Shabani is an associate professor in health privacy law and innovation at the University of Amsterdam.