Mei Deming has a PhD in Linguistics, and is Professor of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics at Shanghai International Studies University, China. His research fields include formal syntax, philosophy of language, policy studies in foreign language education, English curriculum design, textbook development and assessment, translation and interpretation studies. Tong Helong is Professor of Linguistics in the College of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Maritime University, China. His current research revolves around formal syntax, syntax‑semantics interface, comparative syntax, applied linguistics, and translation studies.