Substation Automation Systems

Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii List of Abbreviations xix 1 Historical Evolution of Substation Automation Systems (SASs) 1 1.1 Emerging Communication Technologies 4 1.1.1 Serial Communication 4 1.1.2 Local Area Network 4 1.2 Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) 5 1.2.1 Functional Relays 5 1.2.2 Integrated Digital Units 5 1.3 Networking Media 5 1.3.1 Fiber]Optic Cables 5 1.3.2 Network Switches 5 1.4 Communication Standards 6 1.4.1 IEC Standard 61850 (Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation) 6 1.4.2 IEEE Standard 802.3 (Ethernet) 6 Further Reading 8 2 Main Functions of Substation Automation Systems 9 2.1 Control Function 14 2.2 Monitoring Function 15 2.3 Alarming Function 16 2.4 Measurement Function 17 2.5 Setting and Monitoring of Protective Relays 17 2.6 Control and Monitoring of the Auxiliary Power System 17 2.7 Voltage Regulation 18 Further Reading 18 3 Impact of the IEC 61850 Standard on SAS Projects 19 3.1 Impact on System Implementation Philosophy 21 3.2 Impact on User Specification 21 3.3 Impact on the Overall Procurement Process 23 3.4 Impact on the Engineering Process 23 3.5 Impact on Project Execution 23 3.6 Impact on Utility Global Strategies 24 3.7 The Contents of the Standard 24 3.8 Dealing with the Standard 24 Further Reading 27 4 Switchyard Level, Equipment and Interfaces 29 4.1 Primary Equipment 29 4.1.1 Switchgear 31 4.1.1.1 Circuit Breaker 31 4.1.1.2 Disconnector 32 4.1.1.3 Earthing Switch 33 4.1.2 Instrument Transformers 34 4.1.2.1 Voltage Transformer 34 4.1.2.2 Current Transformer 34 4.1.3 Power Transformers 35 4.1.4 Other Primary Equipment 38 4.2 Medium and Low Voltage Components 39 4.3 Electrical Connections between Primary Equipment 40 4.3.1 Incoming Circuits 42 4.3.2 Outgoing Circuits 42 4.3.3 The “Bay” Concept 43 4.4 Substation Physical Layout 43 4.5 Control Requirements at Switchyard Level 44 Further Reading 46 5 Bay Level: Components and Incident Factors 49 5.1 Environmental and Operational Factors 49 5.1.1 Lightning Strike 49 5.1.2 Switching Transients 50 5.1.2.1 Disconnector Operation 50 5.1.2.2 Circuit Breaker Operation 51 5.1.3 Electromagnetic Disturbance Phenomenon 51 5.1.4 Lightning Protection Practices 52 5.1.5 Typical Earthing Systems 54 5.1.6 Measures to Minimize Electromagnetic Effects 56 5.2 Insulation Considerations in the Secondary System 57 5.3 Switchyard Control Rooms 57 5.4 Attributes of Control Cubicles 59 5.4.1 Constructive Features 59 5.4.2 Earthquake Withstand Capability 59 5.4.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility 60 5.5 The Bay Controller (BC) 60 5.6 Other Bay Level Components 61 5.7 Process Bus 62 Further Reading 63 6 Station Level: Facilities and Functions 65 6.1 Main Control House 65 6.2 Station Controller 67 6.3 Human Machine Interface HMI 68 6.3.1 Start]Up Screen 69 6.3.2 Main Box Screen 69 6.3.3 Users Administrator Screen 69 6.3.4 Primary Circuit Screen (Process Screen) 71 6.3.5 SAS Scheme Screen 71 6.3.6 Event List Screen 71 6.3.7 Alarm List Screen 72 6.4 External Alarming 73 6.5 Time Synchronization Facility 74 6.6 Protocol Conversion Task 74 6.6.1 Briefing on Digital Communication Protocols 75 6.6.2 Premises for Developing Protocol Conversion 76 6.7 Station Bus 77 6.8 Station LAN 77 Further Reading 77 7 System Functionalities 79 7.1 Control Function 79 7.1.1 Control of Primary Switchgear 81 7.1.1.1 Symbols, Colors and Appearance Representing Primary Switchgear 81 7.1.1.2 Switching Command Implementation 81 7.1.1.3 Supervision of Circuit Breaker Trip Circuit 82 7.1.2 Check of Voltage Synchronization (Synchrocheck) 82 7.1.3 Checking Operative Constraint 83 7.1.3.1 Checking of Interlocking Conditions 83 7.1.3.2 Checking of Blocking Conditions 84 7.1.4 Voltage Regulation Task 84 7.1.5 Parallel Working of Power Transformers 85 7.1.6 Operation of Secondary Components 85 7.1.7 Facilities for Operation under Emergency Conditions 86 7.2 Monitoring Function 86 7.2.1 Event Handling 86 7.2.2 External Disturbance Recording 87 7.2.3 Alarming Management 87 7.3 Protection Function 88 7.4 Measuring Function 89 7.5 Metering Function 89 7.6 Report Generation Function 89 7.7 Device Parameterization Function 90 Further Reading 90 8 System Inputs and Outputs 91 8.1 Signals Associated with Primary Equipment 91 8.1.1 Switchgear 91 8.1.1.1 Signals Associated with Circuit Breakers 91 8.1.1.2 Signals Associated with Disconnectors 92 8.1.1.3 Signals Associated with Earthing Switches 92 8.1.2 Instrument Transformers 92 8.1.2.1 Signals Associated with Voltage Transformers 92 8.1.2.2 Signals Associated with Current Transformers 95 8.1.3 Power Transformers 95 8.2 Signals Associated with the Auxiliary Power System 95 8.2.1 Signals Associated with MV Circuit Breakers 95 8.2.2 Signals Associated with MV Distribution Transformers 97 8.2.3 Signals Associated with LV Circuit Breakers 97 8.2.4 Signals Associated with Distribution Center “A” 98 8.2.5 Signals Associated with Distribution Center “B” 98 8.2.6 Signals Associated with AC Distribution Cubicles for Essential Loads 98 8.2.7 Signals Associated with Diesel Generators 100 8.2.8 Signals Associated with AC Distribution Cubicles for Nonessential Loads 100 8.2.9 Signals Associated with DC Transfer Switches 101 8.2.10 Signals Associated with DC Distribution Cubicles 101 8.2.11 Signals Associated with Each Voltage Level of Batteries and Chargers 101 8.3 Signals Associated with Collateral Systems 102 9 System Engineering 103 9.1 Overall System Engineering 103 9.1.1 System General Concept 104 9.1.2 System Topology 104 9.1.3 Opportune Clarifications 105 9.1.4 Premises for Engineering Work 107 9.1.5 Signals Lists 109 9.1.5.1 Signals List Related to the Bay Controller 110 9.1.5.2 Signals List Related to Bay Controller of the Auxiliary Power System 110 9.1.5.3 Signals List Related to the Station Controller 110 9.1.5.4 Signals List for Communication with the NCC 110 9.1.5.5 Point to Point Signals List (For Each Bay) 110 9.1.5.6 Signals Lists Related to Equipment and Systems 111 9.2 Bay Level Engineering 111 9.3 Station Level Engineering 112 9.3.1 Engineering Related to the Station Controller 113 9.3.1.1 Definition and Implementation of the Station Level Database (Process Database) 113 9.3.1.2 Implementation of Redundant Solutions 114 9.3.2 Engineering Related to the Human Machine Interface 114 9.3.2.1 General Design Principles 115 9.3.2.2 Typical Screens 115 9.3.2.3 Operative Features 116 9.4 Functionalities Engineering 116 9.4.1 Interlocking Engineering 116 9.4.2 Voltage Regulation Engineering 117 9.4.3 Protection Engineering 117 9.4.4 Metering Engineering 117 9.4.5 Disturbance Recording Engineering 117 9.4.6 System Self]Monitoring Engineering 118 9.5 Auxiliary Power System Engineering 118 9.5.1 Design Concept 118 9.5.2 AC Voltage Distribution 118 9.5.3 DC Voltage Distribution 119 9.5.4 Batteries and Chargers 119 9.5.5 Medium Voltage Switchgear 119 9.5.6 Automatic Transfer Switches 119 9.6 Project Drawings List 120 9.7 The SAS Engineering Process from the Standard IEC 61850 Perspective 120 Further Reading 120 10 Communication with the Remote Control Center 123 10.1 Communication Pathway 123 10.2 Brief on Digital Communication 123 10.2.1 The OSI Reference Model 124 10.2.2 The IEC Enhanced Performance Architecture Model 127 10.3 Overview of the Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3) 127 10.3.1 The Device Profile Document 128 10.3.2 The DNP3 Implementation Level 128 10.3.3 The DNP3 Implementation Document 128 Further Reading 129 11 System Attributes 131 11.1 System Concept 131 11.2 Network Topology 132 11.3 Redundancy Options 134 11.4 Quality Attributes 135 11.4.1 System Reliability and Availability 135 11.4.1.1 Considerations of the Standards 136 11.4.1.2 Example of an Availability Calculation 136 11.4.2 System Maintainability and Security 138 11.5 Provisions for Extendibility in Future 138 11.6 Cyber]Security Considerations 139 11.7 SAS Performance Requirements 139 Further Reading 140 12 Tests on SAS Components 141 12.1 Type Tests 141 12.1.1 Basic Characteristics Tests 141 12.1.2 Functional Tests 143 12.2 Acceptance Tests 143 12.3 Tests for Checking the Compliance with the Standard IEC 61850 144 Further Reading 144 13 Factory Acceptance Tests 145 13.1 Test Arrangement 145 13.2 System Simulator 145 13.3 Hardware Description 145 13.4 Software Identification 146 13.5 Test Instruments 146 13.6 Documentation to be Available 146 13.7 Checking System Features 146 13.7.1 Checking Basic Features 147 13.7.2 Checking Power Circuit Screens 147 13.7.3 Checking the SAS Scheme Screen 148 13.7.4 Checking Reports Screens (Each Type) 148 13.7.5 Checking Measurement Screens 148 13.7.6 Checking Time Synchronization Facilities 149 13.7.7 Checking of Self]Supervision Functions 149 13.7.8 Checking Peripheral Devices 149 13.7.9 Checking Collateral Subsystems 149 13.7.10 Checking Redundant Functionalities 149 13.8 Planned Testing Program for FAT 150 13.8.1 System Behavior in an Avalanche Condition 150 13.8.2 System Performance 150 13.8.3 Test of the Time Synchronization Mechanism 152 13.8.4 Test of Event Buffer Capability 152 13.8.5 Interlocking Logics 152 13.8.6 Synchronization Features 152 13.8.7 Operational Logic of Transfer Switch 152 13.8.8 Tests on the Communication Link for Technical Service 152 13.9 Nonstructured FATs 153 13.10 After FATs 153 Further Reading 153 14 Commissioning Process 155 14.1 Hardware Description 156 14.2 Software Identification 157 14.3 Test Instruments 157 14.4 Required Documentation 157 14.5 Engineering Tools 157 14.6 Spare Parts 157 14.7 Planned Commissioning Tests 158 14.7.1 System Start]Up 158 14.7.2 Displaying and Exploring the Main Menu Screen 158 14.7.3 Displaying and Dealing with Single]Line Diagrams 158 14.7.4 Displaying and Dealing with the SAS Scheme Screen 159 14.7.5 Displaying and Dealing with Report Screens 160 14.7.6 Displaying and Dealing with Measurement Screens 160 14.7.7 Displaying and Exploring the Alarm List Screen 160 14.7.8 Displaying and Exploring the Event List Screen 161 14.7.9 Checking Peripheral Components 161 14.7.10 Checking the Time Synchronization Mechanism 161 14.7.11 Testing Communication with the Remote Control Center 161 14.7.12 Checking System Performance 161 14.7.13 Testing Functional Performance 162 14.8 Nonstructured Commissioning Tests 162 14.9 List of Pending Points 162 14.10 Re]Commissioning 163 Further Reading 163 15 Training Strategies for Power Utilities 165 15.1 Project]Related Training 166 15.1.1 Station Level Module 166 15.1.2 Bay Level Module 167 15.1.3 Process Level Module 169 15.2 Corporate Training 169 15.2.1 General Purpose Knowledge 169 15.2.2 Learning from the Standard IEC 61850 171 15.2.3 Dealing with Engineering Tools 172 Further Reading 173 16 Planning and Development of SAS Projects 175 16.1 System Specification 176 16.2 Contracting Process 176 16.3 Definition of the Definitive Solution 178 16.4 Design and Engineering 178 16.5 System Integration 179 16.6 Factory Acceptance Tests 179 16.7 Site Installation 180 16.8 Commissioning Process 180 16.9 Project Management 181 16.10 Security Issues 182 16.10.1 Environmental Security 182 16.10.2 Electromagnetic Security 183 16.10.3 Physical Security 183 16.10.4 Information Security 183 16.10.5 Software Security 184 16.11 Documentation and Change Control 184 Further Reading 185 17 Quality Management for SAS Projects 187 17.1 Looking for Quality in Component Capabilities and Manufacturing 188 17.1.1 The Dilemma with Respect to Type Tests 188 17.1.2 The Importance of Factory Conformance Tests 189 17.2 Looking for Quality during the Engineering Stage 189 17.3 Looking for Quality in the Cubicle Assembly Stage 191 17.4 Looking for Quality during FAT 192 17.5 Looking for Quality during Installation and Commissioning 192 17.6 Use of Appropriate Device Documentation 192 Further Reading 196 18 SAS Engineering Process According to Standard IEC 61850 197 18.1 SCL Files 197 18.2 Engineering Tools 198 18.3 Engineering Process 199 Further Reading 202 19 Future Technological Trends 203 19.1 Toward the Full Digital Substation 203 19.1.1 Horizontal Communication as per IEC 61850 (GOOSE Messaging) 203 19.1.2 Unconventional Instrument Transformers 204 19.1.3 Process Bus as Defined by IEC 61850–9]2 204 19.2 Looking for New Testing Strategies on SAS Schemes 204 19.3 Wide Area Control and Monitoring Based on the IEC/TR 61850–90–5 205 19.4 Integration of IEC 61850 Principles into Innovative Smart Grid Solutions 206 Further Reading 206 Appendix A – Samples of Equipment and System Signal Lists 207 A.1 Signals List Related to Circuit Breakers (Each One) 207 A.2 Signals List Related to Collateral Devices 208 A.3 Signals List Related to the Auxiliary Power System 209 A.4 Signals List Related to the SAS Itself 210 Appendix B – Project Drawing List: Titles and Contents 211 B.1 General Interest Drawings 211 B.2 Electromechanical Drawings (High Voltage Equipment and Control Facilities) 213 B.3 Electromechanical Drawings (Control, Protection, Measurement and Communications) 215 B.4 Electromechanical Drawings (Auxiliary Power System) 223 Appendix C – Essential Tips Related to Networking Technology 231 C.1 Computer Network 231 C.1.1 Data 232 C.1.1.1 Meaning of Data, Information and Knowledge 232 C.1.1.2 Data Modeling 233 C.1.1.3 Data Type 234 C.1.1.4 Network Packet 234 C.2 Network Topology 235 C.2.1 Network Links 235 C.2.1.1 Wired Technologies 235 C.2.1.2 Wireless Technologies 235 C.2.2 Network Nodes 235 C.2.3 Network Interface Controllers 236 C.2.4 Repeaters and Hubs 236 C.2.5 Bridges 236 C.2.6 Switches 236 C.2.7 Routers 236 C.2.8 Modems 236 C.3 Network Structure 237 C.3.1 Common Network Layouts 237 C.4 Communication Protocols 237 C.4.1 Ethernet 237 C.4.2 The Internet Protocol Suite 238 C.4.3 SONET/SDH 238 C.4.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 238 C.4.5 Basic Requirements of Protocols 239 C.5 Geographical Scale of Network 240 C.5.1 Local Area Network 240 C.5.2 Backbone Network 240 C.5.3 Wide Area Network 241 C.5.4 Intranet 241 C.5.5 Extranet 241 C.6 Internetwork 241 C.6.1 Internet 241 C.6.2 Routing 242 C.6.3 Network Service 242 C.6.4 Network Performance 243 C.6.4.1 Quality of Service 243 C.6.4.2 Network Congestion 243 C.6.4.3 Network Resilience 243 C.6.5 Security Measures in Networks 243 C.6.5.1 Network Security 243 C.6.5.2 Network Surveillance 244 C.6.5.3 End]to]End Encryption 244 C.6.6 Views of the Network 244 C.7 Network Structure 245 C.8 Communication System 245 C.9 Object]Oriented Programming 245 C.10 Programming Tool or Software Development Tool 246 Index 247