SMART MATERIALS FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Smart materials, also known as advanced or creative materials, are described as advanced materials that react intuitively to environmental changes or as materials that can return to their original shape in response to certain stimuli. Smart materials are classified as either active or passive based on their characteristics. There are two types of active materials. The first kind cannot change its characteristics when subjected to outside stimuli, for example photochromatic spectacles that only alter their color when exposed to sunlight. The other, which includes piezoelectric materials, can change one sort of energy (thermal, electrical, chemical, mechanical, or optical) into another. When subjected to external pressure, it can generate an electric charge. As an example, optical fibers can transmit electromagnetic waves. In contrast, passive smart materials can transmit a specific sort of energy. They have some amazing qualities that set them apart from other materials, such as transiency, meaning they can react to different kinds of external stimuli immediately, self-actuation or the capacity to change their appearance and shape, selectivity where the response is divided and expected, directness when the response is limited to the activating event, shape-changing where the material can change its shape to external stimuli, their ability to determine their own health, also known as self-diagnosis, and their ability to self-heal.
The ability to synthesize novel materials has substantially progressed thanks to science and technology over the past 20 years. They fall mostly into the following four categories: polymers, ceramics, metals, and smart materials. Among these, smart materials are gaining popularity since they have more uses than conventional materials. Smart materials are unusual substances that have the ability to alter their properties, such as those that can immediately change their phase when placed near a magnet or their shape simply by applying heat. Humanity will be significantly impacted by this new era of smart materials. For instance, some of them can adapt their properties to the environment, some have sensory capabilities, some can repair themselves automatically, and some can degrade themselves. These extraordinary properties of smart materials will have an effect on all facets of civilization. There are many different types of intelligent materials, including magnetorheological materials, electro-rheostat materials, shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, and more.
This book describes many forms of smart materials and their possible uses in various fields. A literature survey discusses the different types of smart materials, such as based ceramics, polymers, and organic compounds and their needs, advantages, disadvantages, and applications will be comprehensively discussed. A discussion of well-established smart materials including piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, shape memory alloy, electro-rheological fluid, and magnetorheological fluid materials will be discussed with their present prospects.
Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix Scope of the Book xxi 1 Introduction: Historical Overview, Current and Future Perspective 1 Unni kisan, R.R. Awashthi and Sanjeev Kumar Trivedi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Overview of Smart Material 4 1.3 About Smart Materials 6 1.4 Current and Future Perspectives of Smart Materials 11 2 Fabrication and Characterization Tools for Organic Semiconductors as Smart Materials in Optoelectronic Device Applications 17 Minakshi Sharma, Chandra Mohan Singh Negi, Parvez Ahmed Alvi and Saral Kumar Gupta 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Overview of Organic Semiconductors 18 2.3 Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Polymers 19 2.4 Optoelectronic Devices 19 2.5 Overview of Smart Materials 22 2.6 Methods and Techniques 25 2.7 Methodology 29 2.8 Characterization Techniques 30 2.9 Conclusion and Future Work 34 3 Smart Scaffold Constructs for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering 39 Princy Choudhary, Ayushi Gupta, Saurabh Kumar Gupta, Shrey Dwivedi and Sangeeta Singh 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Applications of Smart Scaffolds in Different Areas 43 3.3 Future Advancements and Techniques to Improve Efficiency of Scaffolds 60 3.4 Conclusion 63 4 Application of Smart Materials in Dental Sciences 75 Ruqaiya Saleem, Amaresh Kumar Sahoo and Shalini Gupta 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Clinical Applications of Smart Materials in Various Branches of Dentistry 77 4.3 Conclusion 85 5 Graphene-Related Smart Material (GRSM): Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Optoelectronics Devices 89 Varsha Yadav, Rahul Bhatnagar and Saral Kumar Gupta 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Experimental Methods and Materials 94 5.3 Results and Discussion 96 5.4 Conclusions 100 6 Synthesis and Characterization of Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Fly-Ash-Reinforced Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Composite 105 Rahul Bhatnagar and Varsha Yadav 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Materials and Methods 109 6.3 Results and Discussion 112 6.4 Conclusion 115 7 Organic Smart Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application 121 Shivaleela B. and S. M. Hanagodimath 7.1 Introduction 121 7.2 Organic Smart Materials 122 7.3 Materials and Experimental Methods 124 7.4 Synthesis of Organic Smart Materials 125 7.5 Results and Discussion 127 7.6 Applications 131 7.7 Conclusions 133 8 Magnetostrictive Material-Based Smart Materials, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 135 inki Singh and Sonam Perween 8.1 Introduction 136 8.2 Overview of Smart Materials Based on Magnetostrictive Materials 137 8.3 Origin of Magnetostriction 138 8.4 Synthesis of Magnetostrictive Materials 140 8.5 Properties of Magnetostrictive Materials 141 8.6 Methods of Magnetostrictive Property Measurement 144 8.7 Application of the Magnetostrictive Smart Materials 145 8.8 Conclusion 148 9 Materials Development of Supercapacitors--Promising Device for Future Energy Storage Applications 151 Ram Chhavi Sharma 9.1 Introduction 151 9.2 Principle of Operation of Conventional Capacitors and Supercapacitor 154 9.3 Types of Supercapacitors 155 9.4 Development of Advanced Materials for Supercapacitors 160 9.5 Applications of Supercapacitors 164 9.6 Conclusion 166 10 Smart Solid Electrolyte Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Batteries 173 Pawan Kumar, Shalu Rani and Sanjay Kumar 10.1 Introduction 173 10.2 Fundamental Aspects, Different Types of Electrolytes, and the Role of the Electrolyte in Battery Technology 175 10.3 Conductivity Enhancement Approach in Solid Electrolyte Materials 182 10.4 Synthesis Approaches for Solid Electrolytes 184 10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 186 11 Smart Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Solar Cells 191 Indu Sharma, Neha Bisht, Parag R. Patil, Pravin S. Pawar, Rahul Kumar Yadav, Yong Tae Kim and Jaeyeong Heo 11.1 Introduction 191 11.2 Types of Solar Cells 194 11.3 Future Trends and Possibilities for Tackling the Challenges in the Improvement of Smart Materials 209 11.4 Summary 212 12 Mixed-Dimensional 2D-3D Perovskite Solar Cells: Origin, Development, and Applications 221 Vani Pawar, Bhumika Sharma and Sushobhan Avasthi 12.1 Introduction 222 12.2 Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) 223 12.3 Low-Dimensional (2D or 2D-3D Mixed) Perovskites 229 12.4 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) Perovskites 231 12.5 Dion-Jacobson (DJ) Perovskites 239 12.6 Alternating Cation Interlayers 244 12.7 Additive Engineering 249 12.8 Compositional Engineering 252 12.9 Functional Perovskite Photovoltaics 254 12.10 Conclusion and Future Outlook 259 13 Advanced Materials in Energy Conversion Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 269 Amit Kumar Verma, Prerna Tripathi, Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha and Shikha Singh 13.1 Introduction 269 13.2 Fuel Cell Types and Advancement in Electrode Materials 273 13.3 Current Application Status 279 13.4 Challenges 279 13.5 Conclusion 280 14 Smart Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 287 Baliram Gurunath Rathod and Venkata Giridhar Poosarla 14.1 Introduction 287 14.2 Relation of Smart Materials and MFCs 288 14.3 MFCs and Their Mechanism 289 14.4 Classification of MFCs 291 14.5 Microorganisms Involved in MFCs 291 14.6 MFC Systems 293 14.7 Design of MFCs 294 14.8 Functions/Operations of MFCs 296 14.9 Components of MFCs 297 14.10 Energy from MFCs 298 14.11 Recent Developments and Challenges in Smart Materials for Energy Storage Devices 299 14.12 Future Perspectives 299 14.13 Conclusion 300 15 Role of Smart Materials in Environmental Remediation: CO2 Capture and CO2 Reduction 305 Yogendra K. Gautam, Durvesh Gautam, Manohar Singh, Himani, Kavita Sharma, Beer Pal Singh and Anuj Kumar 15.1 Introduction 305 15.2 CO2 Reduction Techniques 307 15.3 Conclusion 318 16 Soft Perovskite Semiconductors for Future Optical Electronics 325 Rashmi Yadav and Bhoopendra Yadav 16.1 Introduction 325 16.2 Perovskite Structure and Characteristics 326 16.3 Composition Engineering Effects 327 16.4 Interface Engineering Effects 328 16.5 Bandgap Engineering Effects 328 16.6 Stability and Degradation Mechanism in Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) 330 16.7 Novel Applications 332 16.8 Conclusion 332 17 Band Gap Engineering and Nanopatterning of Muscovite Mica by Low-Energy Ion Beams Applicable for Futuristic Microelectronics 337 Dipak Bhowmik, Joy Mukherjee and Prasanta Karmakar 17.1 Introduction 337 17.2 Experimental Details 338 17.3 Nanopattern Formation on Mica Surface and Its Wettability Property by Low-Energy Ion 340 17.4 Band Gap Engineering of Muscovite Mica by Low-Energy Ion Beam svia Few-Layer and Monolayer Modification 350 17.5 Conclusion 356 Acknowledgments 357 References 357 About the Editors 361 Index 363
Upendra Kumar, PhD has been an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Science at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India since 2021. His research has been published in prestigious international Science Citation Index physics and materials science publications and he has received numerous awards in the field. He has also made an impact by attending numerous scientific conferences, seminars, and workshops and serving on a number of national committees and professional bodies and associations. Piyush K. Sonkar, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-India. His research interests include nanomaterials, nanocomposites, fuel cells, electrochemical devices, supercapacitors, bio-sensors, chemical sensors, and new materials. He has published more than 38 international and national research papers in various reputed journals.
