As the need for geographical data rapidly expands in the 21st century, so too do applications of small-format aerial photography for a wide range of scientific, commercial and governmental purposes. Small-format Aerial Photography (SFAP) presents basic and advanced principles and techniques with an emphasis on digital cameras. Unmanned platforms are described in considerable detail, including kites, helium and hot-air blimps, model airplanes, and paragliders. Several case studies, primarily drawn from the geosciences, are presented to demonstrate how SFAP is actually used in various applications. Many of these integrate SFAP with ground-based investigations as well as conventional large-format aerial photography, satellite imagery, and other kinds of geographic information.
By:
James S. Aber (Emporia State University Kansas USA),
Irene Marzolff (Johann Wolfgang Goethe University,
Frankfurt am Main,
Germany),
Johannes Ries (Trier University,
Trier,
Germany),
James S. Aber (Emporia State University,
Kansas,
USA),
Irene Marzolff (Johann Wolfgang Goethe University,
Frankfurt am Main,
Germany)
Imprint: Elsevier Science Ltd
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Dimensions:
Height: 276mm,
Width: 216mm,
Weight: 520g
ISBN: 9780444638236
ISBN 10: 0444638237
Pages: 268
Publication Date: 19 August 2016
Audience:
Professional and scholarly
,
Undergraduate
Replaced By: 9780128129425
Format: Paperback
Publisher's Status: Active
Part I Chapter 1: Introduction to small-format aerial photography 1-1. Overview 1-2. Brief history 1-2.1. 19th century 1-2.2. 20th century 1-3. Photography and imagery 1-4. Conventional aerial photography 1-5. Small-format aerial photography 1-6. Summary Chapter 2: Basic principles of SFAP 2-1. Remote sensing 2-1.1. Ideal remote sensing 2-1.2. Actual SFAP 2-2. Common aspects of SFAP 2-2.1. Image vantage 2-2.2. Photographic scale and resolution 2-2.3. Relief displacement 2-2.4. Stereoscopic images 2-3. Photographic storage 2-4. Summary Chapter 3: Photogrammetry 3-1. Introduction 3-2. Geometry of single photographs 3-2.1. Vertical photography 3-2.2. Tilted photography 3-2.3. Interior orientation 3-2.4. Exterior orientation 3-3. Geometry of stereophotographs 3-3.1. Principle of stereoscopic viewing 3-3.2. Base-height ratio and stereoscopic coverage 3-3.3. 3D measurements from stereomodels 3-3.4. Creating stereomodels with aerial triangulation by bundle-block adjustment 3-4. Quantitative analysis of photographs 3-4.1. Measuring and mapping from single photographs 3-4.2. Manual measuring and mapping from stereomodels 3-4.3. Automatic DEM extraction from stereomodels 3-5. Summary Chapter 4: Lighting and atmospheric conditions 4-1. Introduction 4-2. Multiview-angle effects 4-3. Bidirectional reflectance distribution function 4-4. Multispectral effects 4-5. Latitude and seasonal conditions 4-6. Clouds 4-7. Shadows 4-8. Summary Chapter 5: Photographic composition 5-1. Introduction 5-2. Basic elements of photographic composition 5-2.1. Oblique and vertical views 5-2.2. Linear features 5-2.3. Image depth 5-2.4. Pattern and texture 5-2.5. Color 5-3. Combining compositional elements 5-4. Photographs vs. human vision 5.5. Summary Part II Chapter 6: Cameras for SFAP 6-1. Introduction 6-2. Film camera basics 6-3. Digital camera basics 6-3.1. Types of digital cameras 6-3.2. Image sensors 6-3.3. Image file formats 6-4. Camera geometry and light 6-4.1. Focal length 6-4.2. Lens aperture 6-4.3. Shutter speed 6-4.4. Film speed or ISO rating 6-4.5. Camera exposure settings 6-4.6. Image degradation 6-5. Color-infrared photography 6-6. Camera capabilities for SFAP 6-6.1. Camera lens 6-6.2. Image sensor 6-6.3. File format 6-6.4. Camera type 6-6.5. Camera calibration 6-7. Summary Chapter 7: Camera mounting systems 7-1. Introduction 7-2. Camera operation 7-3. Detachable mounts 7-3.1. Single-camera suspended rigs 7-3.2. Multiple-camera suspended rigs 7-3.3. Attaching suspendable mounts to a platform 7-3.4. Detactable modular unit mounts 7-4. Fixed mounts 7-5. Summary Chapter 8: Platforms for SFAP 8-1. Introduction 8-2. Manned light-sport aircraft 8-2.1. Powered light-sport aircraft 8-2.2. Unpowered light-sport aircraft 8-3. Lighter-than-air platforms 8-3.1. Lifting gases 8-3.2. Helium blimp 8-3.3. Hot-air blimp 8-4. Kite aerial photography 8-4.1. Kites for SFAP 8-4.2. Kite-flying equipment 8-4.3. Ground operations 8-5. Drones for SFAP 8-5.1. Basic model airplane 8-5.2. Autopiloted model airplane 8-5.3. Powered paraglider 8-6. Pros and cons of different platforms 8-7. Summary Chapter 9: SFAP survey planning and implementation 9-1. Introduction 9-2. Travel and equipment logistics 9-3. Site accessibility and characteristics 9-3.1. Local site accessibility 9-3.2. Flight obstacles 9-3.3. Local wind conditions 9-3.4. High-altitude SFAP 9-4. Ground Control 9-4.1. GCP installation 9-4.2. GCP coordinate measurement 9-5. Flight planning considerations 9-5.1. Image scale and resolution 9-5.2. Stereoscopic and large-area coverage 9-6. Flight planning example 9-6.1. Initial calculations: Complete coverage with single image 9-6.2. Revised calulations: Optimal image resolution 9-6.3. Consequences for aerial survey design 9-6.4. Ideal flightline calculation 9-7. Flight planning for oblique SFAP 9-8. Legal issues 9-8.1. German regulations 9-8.2. Regulations in the U.S. and other countries 9-8.3. Insurance 9-9. Summary Chapter 10. Image interpretation 10-1. Introduction 10-2. Image interpretability 10-3. SFAP interpretation 10-3.1. Water and drainage 10-3.2. Geomorphology 10-3.3. Vegetation and agriculture 10-3.4. Cultural heritage and archaeology 10-3.5. Soils 10-4. Summary Chapter 11: Image processing and analysis 11-1. Introduction 11-2. Geometric correction and georeferencing 11-2.1. Reference coordinate systems 11-2.2. Image rectification 11-2.3. Image mosaics 11-3. Image enhancement 11-3.1. Correcting lens-dependent aberrations 11-3.2. Contrast enhancement 11-3.3. Image filtering 11-4. Image transformation 11-4.1. Image ratios and vegetation indices 11-4.2. Principal components analysis and color-space transformations 11-5. Image classification 11-6. Stereoviewing and photogrammetric analysis 11-6.1. Creating simple on-screen stereoviews 11-6.2. Using printouts under a stereoscope 11-6.3. Digital stereoviewing 11-6.4. Stereoscopic measuring and mapping 11-6.5. DEM generation 11-7. Software for SFAP analysis 11-8. Summary Part III Chapter 12: Glacial geomorphology 12-1. Introduction 12-2. Glacial erosion 12-3. Glacial deposition 12-4. Glacial deformation 12-5. Summary Chapter 13: Gully erosion monitoring 13-1. Introduction 13-2. Study sites and survey 13-3. Gully mapping and change analysis 13-4. Summary Chapter 14: Wetland environments 14-1. Overview 14-2. Raised bogs, Estonia 14-2.1. Endla Nature Reserve 14-2.2. Nigula Nature Reserve 14-2.3. Discussion 14-3. Prairie marshes and playas, Kansas 14-3.1. Cheyenne Bottoms 14-3.2. Dry Lake 14-3.3. Discussion 14-4. Summary Chapter 15: Biocontrol of salt cedar 15-1. Salt cedar problem 15-2. USBR study site 15-3. Analysis of KAP results 15-4. Summary Chapter 16: Vegetation and erosion 16-1. Introduction 16-2. Monitoring vegetation and erosion test sites 16-3. Influence of grazing on vegetation cover 16-4. Combating desertification and soil degradation 16-5. Summary Chapter 17: Soil mapping and soil degradation 17-1. Introduction 17-2. Soils and long-term human land use 17-3. Summary Chapter 18: Architecture and property management 18-1. Introduction 18-2. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri 18-3. Property management, Lake Kahola, Kansas 18-4. Summary Chapter 19: Golf course management 19-1. Overview 19-2. Garden City, Kansas 19-3. Summary References Index
Dr. Aber has a PhD in Geology from the University of Kansas. His interests and research experience are wide ranging in geology, tectonics, landscape evolution, wetland environments, remote sensing, aerial photography, and energy resources. He has conducted field investigations across the United States as well as Canada, Scandinavia, Central Europe and Japan. He is a distinguished professor at Emporia State University, Kansas. Dr. Marzoff is a physical geographer and remote sensing/GIS scientist holding a Ph.D. from Freiburg University, Germany. She has been working on high-resolution remote sensing methods for monitoring land degradation and erosion since 1995. She has been involved in designing and building several unmanned platforms for small-format aerial photography and has developed remote-sensing and photogrammetry-based methods for quantifying geomorphological processes in high temporal and spatial resolution. She has collaborated in numerous research projects with colleagues from Belgium, Germany, India, Morocco, Spain and the USA Dr. Ries holds a Ph.D. from Freiburg University, Germany. His research focusses on methodological questions regarding erosion, land degradation and desertification. His main expertise lies in experimental geomorphology, and small-format aerial and terrestrial photography has always been an integral part of his research concepts and projects. He has extensive international research cooperation and during recent years has conducted fieldwork mostly in semi-arid regions of Europe and Africa
