Silberschatz's Operating System Concepts, Global Edition

Part One Overview Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What Operating Systems Do 4 1.2 Computer-System Organization 7 1.3 Computer-System Architecture 15 1.4 Operating-System Operations 21 1.5 Resource Management 27 1.6 Security and Protection 33 1.7 Virtualization 34 1.8 Distributed Systems 35 1.9 Kernel Data Structures 36 1.10 Computing Environments 40 1.11 Free and Open-Source Operating Systems 46 1.12 Summary 51 Exercises 53 Further Reading 57 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures 2.1 Operating-System Services 59 2.2 User and Operating-System Interface 62 2.3 System Calls 66 2.4 System Services 78 2.5 Linkers and Loaders 79 2.6 Why Applications Are Operating-System Specific 81 2.7 Operating-System Design and Implementation 83 2.8 Operating-System Structure 85 2.9 Building and Booting an Operating System 95 2.10 Operating-System Debugging 99 2.11 Summary 104 Exercises 105 Further Reading 107 Part Two Process Management Chapter 3 Processes 3.1 Process Concept 112 3.2 Process Scheduling 116 3.3 Operations on Processes 122 3.4 Interprocess Communication 129 3.5 IPC in Shared-Memory Systems 131 3.6 IPC in Message-Passing Systems 133 3.7 Examples of IPC Systems 138 3.8 Communication in Client–Server Systems 151 3.9 Summary 159 Exercises 161 Further Reading 166 Chapter 4 Threads & Concurrency 4.1 Overview 168 4.2 Multicore Programming 170 4.3 Multithreading Models 174 4.4 Thread Libraries 176 4.5 Implicit Threading 184 4.6 Threading Issues 196 4.7 Operating-System Examples 202 4.8 Summary 204 Exercises 205 Further Reading 208 Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling 5.1 Basic Concepts 212 5.2 Scheduling Criteria 216 5.3 Scheduling Algorithms 217 5.4 Thread Scheduling 229 5.5 Multi-Processor Scheduling 232 5.6 Real-Time CPU Scheduling 239 5.7 Operating-System Examples 246 5.8 Algorithm Evaluation 256 5.9 Summary 262 Exercises 263 Further Reading 270 Part Three Process Synchronization Chapter 6 Synchronization Tools 6.1 Background 273 6.2 The Critical-Section Problem 276 6.3 Peterson’s Solution 278 6.4 Hardware Support for Synchronization 281 6.5 Mutex Locks 286 6.6 Semaphores 288 6.7 Monitors 292 6.8 Liveness 299 6.9 Evaluation 300 6.10 Summary 302 Exercises 303 Further Reading 309 Chapter 7 Synchronization Examples 7.1 Classic Problems of Synchronization 311 7.2 Synchronization within the Kernel 317 7.3 POSIX Synchronization 321 7.4 Synchronization in Java 325 7.5 Alternative Approaches 333 7.6 Summary 336 Exercises 336 Further Reading 338 Chapter 8 Deadlocks 8.1 System Model 342 8.2 Deadlock in Multithreaded Applications 343 8.3 Deadlock Characterization 345 8.4 Methods for Handling Deadlocks 350 8.5 Deadlock Prevention 351 8.6 Deadlock Avoidance 354 8.7 Deadlock Detection 361 8.8 Recovery from Deadlock 365 8.9 Summary 367 Exercises 368 Further Reading 374 Part Four Memory Management Chapter 9 Main Memory 9.1 Background 379 9.2 Contiguous Memory Allocation 386 9.3 Paging 390 9.4 Structure of the Page Table 401 9.5 Swapping 406 9.6 Example: Intel 32- and 64-bit Architectures 409 9.7 Example: ARMv8 Architecture 413 9.8 Summary 414 Exercises 415 Further Reading 420 Chapter 10 Virtual Memory 10.1 Background 421 10.2 Demand Paging 424 10.3 Copy-on-Write 431 10.4 Page Replacement 433 10.5 Allocation of Frames 445 10.6 Thrashing 451 10.7 Memory Compression 457 10.8 Allocating Kernel Memory 458 10.9 Other Considerations 462 10.10 Operating-System Examples 468 10.11 Summary 472 Exercises 473 Further Reading 482 Part Five Storage Management Chapter 11 Mass-Storage Structure 11.1 Overview of Mass-Storage Structure 485 11.2 HDD Scheduling 493 11.3 NVM Scheduling 497 11.4 Error Detection and Correction 498 11.5 Storage Device Management 499 11.6 Swap-Space Management 503 11.7 Storage Attachment 505 11.8 RAID Structure 509 11.9 Summary 521 Exercises 522 Further Reading 527 Chapter 12 I/O Systems 12.1 Overview 529 12.2 I/O Hardware 530 12.3 Application I/O Interface 540 12.4 Kernel I/O Subsystem 548 12.5 Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations 556 12.6 STREAMS 559 12.7 Performance 561 12.8 Summary 564 Exercises 565 Further Reading 567 Part Six File System Chapter 13 File-System Interface 13.1 File Concept 571 13.2 Access Methods 581 13.3 Directory Structure 583 13.4 Protection 592 13.5 Memory-Mapped Files 597 13.6 Summary 602 Exercises 602 Further Reading 606 Chapter 14 File-System Implementation 14.1 File-System Structure 608 14.2 File-System Operations 610 14.3 Directory Implementation 612 14.4 Allocation Methods 614 14.5 Free-Space Management 622 14.6 Efficiency and Performance 626 14.7 Recovery 630 14.8 Example: The WAFL File System 633 14.9 Summary 637 Exercises 638 Further Reading 640 Chapter 15 File-System Internals 15.1 File Systems 643 15.2 File-System Mounting 644 15.3 Partitions and Mounting 647 15.4 File Sharing 648 15.5 Virtual File Systems 649 15.6 Remote File Systems 651 15.7 Consistency Semantics 654 15.8 NFS 656 15.9 Summary 661 Exercises 662 Further Reading 664 Part Seven Security and Protection Chapter 16 Security 16.1 The Security Problem 669 16.2 Program Threats 673 16.3 System and Network Threats 682 16.4 Cryptography as a Security Tool 685 16.5 User Authentication 696 16.6 Implementing Security Defenses 701 16.7 An Example: Windows 10 710 16.8 Summary 712 Exercises 713 Further Reading 714 Chapter 17 Protection 17.1 Goals of Protection 717 17.2 Principles of Protection 718 17.3 Protection Rings 719 17.4 Domain of Protection 721 17.5 Access Matrix 725 17.6 Implementation of the Access Matrix 729 17.7 Revocation of Access Rights 732 17.8 Role-Based Access Control 733 17.9 Mandatory Access Control (MAC) 734 17.10 Capability-Based Systems 735 17.11 Other Protection Improvement Methods 737 17.12 Language-Based Protection 740 17.13 Summary 746 Exercises 747 Further Reading 749 Part Eight Advanced Topics Chapter 18 Virtual Machines 18.1 Overview 753 18.2 History 755 18.3 Benefits and Features 756 18.4 Building Blocks 759 18.5 Types of VMs and Their Implementations 765 18.6 Virtualization and Operating-System Components 771 18.7 Examples 778 18.8 Virtualization Research 780 18.9 Summary 781 Exercises 782 Further Reading 783 Chapter 19 Networks and Distributed Systems 19.1 Advantages of Distributed Systems 785 19.2 Network Structure 787 19.3 Communication Structure 790 19.4 Network and Distributed Operating Systems 801 19.5 Design Issues in Distributed Systems 805 19.6 Distributed File Systems 809 19.7 DFS Naming and Transparency 813 19.8 Remote File Access 816 19.9 Final Thoughts on Distributed File Systems 819 19.10 Summary 820 Exercises 821 Further Reading 825 Credits 827 Index 829