Douglas L. Kruse is professor in the School of Management and Labor Relations at Rutgers University and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Richard B. Freeman holds the Herbert Ascherman Chair in Economics at Harvard University and is a research associate of the NBER. He is the former director of the NBER Labor Studies program. Joseph R. Blasi holds the J. Robert Beyster Chair in the School of Management and Labor Relations at Rutgers University and is a research associate of the NBER.