French Grammar 7th Ed

Preface Contents CHAPTER 1 Nouns and Articles Gender and the Definite Article Singular Forms. Gender Identification by Word Endings Nouns Indicating Occupations, Nationalities, Relationships and Domestic Animals Words with Different Meanings in Masculine and Feminine Forms Plural Forms of Nouns Regular Plurals. Nouns Ending in -s, -x or -z. Nouns Ending in -au, -eau, -eu or -oeu. Nouns Ending in -ou. Nouns Ending in -al. Nouns Ending in -ail. Irregular Plurals. Singular or Plural Compound Nouns Special Uses of the Definite Article With General or Abstract Nouns. With Titles. With Languages and Academic Subjects. With Days of the Week, Seasons, Dates and Time Expressions. With Names of Continents, Countries, Provinces, Regions, Islands, Mountains and Rivers. With Weights and Measures. With Parts of the Body or Clothing. Omission of the Definite Article Contractions of the Definite Article The Indefinite Article Omission of the Indefinite Article After the Verb etre. Other Omissions of the Indefinite Article. The Partitive Article The Partitive Article Versus the Definite and Indefinite Articles Exceptions to the Rule for Using the Partitive Article When the Sentence is Negative. When an Adjective Precedes a Noun in the Plural. After Expressions of Quantity and Expressions with de. CHAPTER 2 Adjectives and Adverbs Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives Regular Forms. Adjectives Ending in a Vowel, Pronounced Consonant or Mute -e. Adjectives Ending in -el, -eil, -il, -en, -on, -et and -s. Adjectives Ending in -er. Adjectives Ending in -x. Adjectives Ending in -eur. Adjectives Ending in -f. Adjectives Ending in -c. Irregular Adjectives. The Adjectives beau, nouveau, vieux. Plural of Adjectives Regular Forms. Adjectives Ending in -s or -x. Adjectives Ending in -eu or -eau. Adjectives Ending in -al. Agreement Problems of Certain Adjectives Adjectives of Color. Compound Adjectives Position of Adjectives Adjectives That Change Meaning According to Position Formation of Adverbs Regular Forms. Adverbs Formed from Adjectives Ending in a Vowel. Adverbs Ending in -ement. Adverbs Ending in -amment and -emment. Irregular Adverbs. Position of Adverbs Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs Regular Comparisons. Comparative Followed by a Noun. Superlative of Adjectives and Adverbs Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives Adjectives without Comparative and Superlative Forms. Useful Phrases with Comparatives and Superlatives. Possessive Adjectives Use of the Definite Article as a Possessive. With on, personne, tout le monde. With chacun. Demonstrative Adjectives Indefinite Adjectives CHAPTER 3 Prepositions Uses of Certain Prepositions Prepositions to Indicate Location or Direction to or from a Place A, de, dans, en, chez. Prepositions with Geographical Names A. En. Au. Dans. De. Prepositions with Modes of Transportation Prepositions with Expressions of Time A, at. Dans, en, in. Avant, before and apres, after. Prepositions Used to Join Two Nouns To Indicate Function or to Join a Noun that Modifies Another Noun. To Mean with. To Introduce the Material from Which an Object is Made. Prepositions of Cause Prepositions After Indefinite Pronouns Prepositions in Adverbial Clauses of Manner Prepositions to Introduce an Infinitive Depending on a Noun or Adjective To Indicate Function, Result or Tendency. After Expressions of Duration, Length of Time and Position of the Body. CHAPTER 4 Numbers, Dates, Time Numbers Cardinal Numbers. Ordinal Numbers. Collective Numbers. Fractions. Arithmetical Operations. Dimensions. Dates Time CHAPTER 5 Verbs Moods and Tenses Subject Personal Pronouns The Present Tense First Conjugation Verbs. Verbs Beginning with a Vowel. Verbs with Spelling Changes: Verbs ending in -cer and -ger; Verbs with -e- in the infinitive; Verbs with -e- in the infinitive; Verbs with -yer in the infinitive. Second Conjugation Verbs. Third Conjugation Verbs. Irregular Verbs: Verbs like ouvrir; Verbs like courir, rire, rompre, conclure; Battre and mettre; Verbs like partir; Vaincre; Verbs like connaitre; Plaire and se taire. Verbs with Infinitives Ending in -ire: Lire, dire, conduire, traduire; Ecrire, vivre, suivre; Croire, voir and mourir; Verbs like craindre, peindre, joindre; Verbs like prendre; Venir and tenir; Acquerir and conquerir; Pouvoir, vouloir, pleuvoir; Boire, devoir, recevoir; Avoir; Etre; Aller; Faire; Savoir; Valoir and falloir. Special Uses of the Present Tense: Depuis, il y a ... que, voila ... que, and ca fait ... que plus the present tense; Venir de plus the infinitive. Reflexive / Pronominal Verbs S'asseoir. Reflexive Verbs with Parts of the Body. Reflexive versus Nonreflexive Verbs. Reflexive Verbs in the Infinitive. Imperatives Affirmative Imperatives. The Affirmative Imperative of Reflexive Verbs. The Negative Imperative. The Negative Imperative of Reflexive Verbs. The Present Participle Formation. Use. The Imperfect Tense Regular Forms. Verbs with Spelling Changes. Etre. Uses of the Imperfect Tense Continuing or Habitual Action. With Verbs Denoting Mental Activity or Conditions. Descriptions in the Past. Si and the Imperfect Tense. Depuis, il y avait... que, voila... que, ca faisait... que and the Imperfect Tense. Venir de in the Imperfect Tense. The Conversational Past Tense (Passe Compose) of Verbs Conjugated with Avoir The Passe Compose of -er Verbs. The Passe Compose of -ir Verbs. The Passe Compose of -re Verbs. Irregular Past Participles: Past participle ending in -e; Past participle ending in -i, -is, -it; Past participle ending in -ait; Past participles ending in -u; Past participles ending in -ert; Past participle of verbs ending in -indre. Agreement of the Past Participle with Verbs Conjugated with avoir. The Passe Compose of Verbs Conjugated with Etre Monter, descendre, sortir, entrer, rentrer with etre and avoir in the Passe Compose. Passer with etre and avoir in the Passe Compose. The Passe Compose of Reflexive Verbs. Agreement of the Past Participle with Reflexive Pronouns. Uses of the Passe Compose Present Perfect. Past Action. Differences between the Passe Compose and the Imperfect Tense: Specific action versus habitual or continuing action; With souvent, parfois, quelquefois; Specific action versus ongoing action; Events versus background; Verbs with different meanings in the imperfect and passe compose. The Literary Past Tense (Passe Simple) The Passe Simple of -er Verbs. The Passe Simple of -ir and -re Verbs. Irregular Verbs Building the Passe Simple upon the Past Participle: Verbs with past participles ending in -i; Verbs with past participles ending in -i plus a consonant; Verbs with past participles ending in -u. Irregular Verbs not Building the Passe Simple upon the Past Participle. The Future Aller with an Infinitive. Regular Forms of the Future Tense. Verbs Using the Third Person Singular Form of the Present Tense as the Future Stem: Verbs ending in -yer; Verbs with -e- in the infinitive. Verbs with Irregular Future Stems. Special Uses of the Future Tense: After certain conjunctions; After penser que, savoir que, esperer que, ne pas savoir si and in indirect discourse; To express probability. The Conditional Formation of the Present Conditional. Uses of the Conditional: To express the idea would; After certain conjunctions; To soften a request, command or desire; To express possibility or unsure action; In indirect discourse. Compound Tenses Pluperfect Tense (Plus-que-parfait). Future Perfect Tense (Futur Anterieur). Past Conditional (Passe du Conditionnel). The Past Anterior (Passe Anterieur) and the Passe Surcompose. Si Clauses The Subjunctive Mood Present Subjunctive Regular Forms. Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive. Verbs with Internal Vowel Changes in the Present Subjunctive: Verbs with -e- in the infinitive; Verbs with -e- in the infinitive; Prendre, tenir, venir. Verbs with Variable Bases in the Present Subjunctive. Verbs with Irregular Bases in the Present Subjunctive. Uses of the Subjunctive: Subjunctive in noun clauses; Subjunctive with impersonal expressions that express opinion or emotions; Subjunctive with expressions of doubt; Subjunctive with subordinate conjunctions; Subjunctive as an imperative; Subjunctive after an affirmation. Subjunctive in relative clauses: Indefinite antecedent; After rien, personne, quelqu'un; With the superlative and seul, unique. Subjunctive after indefinite words such as si... que, quelque... que, quel... que, qui que..., etc. Avoiding the Subjunctive. The Past Subjunctive The Imperfect Subjunctive Use of the Imperfect Subjunctive. The Pluperfect Subjunctive Use of the Pluperfect Subjunctive. Si Clauses in the Subjunctive Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Discourse Indirect Discourse in Sentences with an Interrogative Word. Interrogative Pronouns in Indirect Discourse. Inversion of the Subject in Indirect Discourse. Uses of the Infinitive After Prepositions. As a Noun. As an Imperative. In an Interrogative Phrase Expressing Deliberation. In an Exclamatory Phrase. Faire in Causative Construction. Laisser and Verbs of Perception plus the Infinitive. The Use of the Prepositions a and de before an Infinitive. Passive Voice Forms of the Passive Voice. True Passive with etre. The Passive Voice with se. CHAPTER 6 Interrogative Words and Constructions Forming Questions Interrogative Forms by Inversion-Simple Tenses Interrogative Forms by Inversion-Compound Tenses Interrogative Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions Interrogative Pronouns Qu'est-ce que c'est? Qu'est-ce que? Interrogative Adjective Quel Interrogative Pronoun Lequel CHAPTER 7 Negative Words and Constructions Negation of Simple Tenses Negation of Compound Tenses The Negative Interrogative Si in Answer to a Negative Question Omission of Pas Negation of the Infinitive Negative Words and Phrases CHAPTER 8 Pronouns Subject Pronouns Direct Object Pronouns Le, la, l', les. Special Use of the Pronoun le. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Me, te, nous, vous. Indirect Object Pronouns Lui, leur. The Pronoun Y The Pronoun En Double Object Pronouns Position of Object Pronouns With Conjugated Verbs. With an Infinitive. With Infinitive Constructions: Causative faire (faire faire), laisser and Verbs of Perception. With Affirmative Commands. Reflexive Pronouns Disjunctive Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Indefinite Demonstrative Pronouns Ce, ceci, cela (ca). Relative Pronouns Qui who, which, that. Que whom, which, that. Ce qui and ce que. Relative Pronouns with Prepositions Other than de: Qui, lequel. Ou. Relative Pronouns with the Preposition de: Dont, duquel. Quoi, ce dont. Indefinite Pronouns CHAPTER 9 Special Meanings of Certain Verbs Expressions with Aller Expressions with Avoir Expressions with Etre Expressions with Faire Special Uses of Other Verbs Devoir, pouvoir, savoir, vouloir. Habiter, demeurer, vivre. Jouer, jouer a, jouer de. Manquer, manquer a, manquer de. Penser a, penser de. Partir, sortir, s'en aller, laisser, quitter. Passer, se passer, se passer de. Plaire. Se rappeler, se souvenir de. Servir, se servir de. Savoir versus connaitre. Venir de. Answers to Exercises Verb Charts Index Companion Audio Recording