Robert S. Carmichael, Ph.D., is Professor of Geophysics and Geology in the Department of Geology, University of Iowa City. He graduated from the University of Toronto with a B.A.Sc degree in geophysics/engineering physics, and then earned M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Earth and Planetary Science from the University of Pittsburgh. His thesis specialties were in seismology and rock magnetism, and while there, he was an Andrew Mellon University Fellow.