Radio Access Network Slicing and Virtualization for 5G Vertical Industries

About the Editors xiii Preface xvii List of Contributors xxiii List of Abbreviations xxvii Part I Waveforms and Mixed-Numerology 1 1 ICI Cancellation Techniques Based on Data Repetition for OFDM Systems 3 Miaowen Wen, Jun Li, Xilin Cheng and Xiang Cheng 1.1 OFDM History 3 1.2 OFDM Principle 4 1.2.1 Subcarrier Orthogonality 4 1.2.2 Discrete Implementation 5 1.2.3 OFDM in Multipath Channel 6 1.3 Carrier Frequency Offset Effect 8 1.3.1 Properties of ICI Coefficients 9 1.3.2 Carrier-to-Interference Power Ratio 9 1.4 ICI Cancellation Techniques 11 1.4.1 One-Path Cancellation with Mirror Mapping 11 1.4.1.1 MSR Scheme 12 1.4.1.2 MCSR Scheme 13 1.4.2 Two-Path Cancellation with Mirror Mapping 14 1.4.2.1 MCVT Scheme 15 1.4.2.2 MCJT Scheme 15 1.4.3 CIR Comparison 16 1.5 Experiment on Sea 17 1.5.1 Experiment Settings 18 1.5.2 Experiment Results 21 1.6 Summary 22 References 23 2 Filtered OFDM: An Insight into Intrinsic In-Band Interference 25 Juquan Mao, Lei Zhang and Pei Xiao 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Notations 26 2.2 System Model for f-OFDM SISO System 26 2.3 In-Band Interference Analysis and Discussion 30 2.3.1 Channel Diagonalization and In-Band Interference-Free Systems 30 2.3.2 In-Band Interference Power 31 2.3.3 In-Band Interference Mitigation: A Practical Approach for Choosing CR Length 32 2.3.4 An Alternative for In-Band Interference Mitigation: Frequency Domain Equalization (FDE) 33 2.3.4.1 Linear Equalizers 33 2.3.4.2 Nonlinear Equalizers 34 2.4 Numerical Results 34 2.4.1 Numerical Results for In-Band Interference 35 2.5 Conclusion 38 1.2 Appendix 38 1.2.1 Derivation of zk 38 2.3 Appendix 39 2.3.1 Proof of 𝚯preBeing a Strict Upper Triangle 39 3.4 Appendix 39 3.4.1 Proof of Property 2.A.2 39 References 40 3 Windowed OFDM for Mixed-Numerology 5G and Beyond Systems 43 Bowen Yang, Xiaoying Zhang, Lei Zhang, Arman Farhang, Pei Xiao and Muhammad Ali Imran 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 W-OFDM System Model 45 3.2.1 Single Numerology System Model 46 3.2.2 System Model for Mixed Numerologies 48 3.3 Inter-numerology Interference Analysis 50 3.3.1 Inter-numerology Interference Analysis for Numerology 1 50 3.3.2 Inter-numerology Interference Analysis for Numerology 2 52 3.4 Numerical Results and Discussion 54 3.5 Conclusions 57 3.6 Derivation of (3.9) 57 3.7 Derivations of (3.28) 58 3.8 Derivations of (3.30) 59 References 59 4 Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing: Unified Multicarrier Framework 63 Ahmad Nimr, Zhongju Li, Marwa Chafii and Gerhard Fettweis 4.1 Overview of MulticarrierWaveforms 63 4.1.1 Time–Frequency Representation 64 4.1.1.1 Discrete-Time Representation 65 4.1.1.2 Relation to Gabor Theory 66 4.1.2 GFDM As a FlexibleWaveform 66 4.1.2.1 GFDM with Multiple Prototype Pulses 67 4.1.3 Generalized Block-Based Multicarrier 68 4.1.3.1 Transmitter 69 4.1.3.2 Receiver 69 4.2 GFDM As a Flexible Framework 70 4.2.1 GFDM Representations 71 4.2.1.1 Filter Bank Representation 71 4.2.1.2 Vector Representation 71 4.2.1.3 2D-Block Representation 72 4.2.1.4 GFDM Matrix Structure 73 4.2.2 Architecture and Extended Flexibility 74 4.2.2.1 Alternative Interpretation of GFDM 75 4.2.2.2 Extended Flexibility 76 4.2.2.3 Flexible Hardware Architecture 76 4.3 GFDM for OFDM Enhancement 78 4.3.1 Transmitter 78 4.3.2 Receiver 79 4.3.2.1 LMMSE GFDM-Based Receiver 79 4.4 Conclusions 80 References 80 5 Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation 83 Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny 5.1 Introduction 83 5.1.1 Notations: 83 5.2 FBMC Methods 84 5.3 Theory 84 5.3.1 CMT 85 5.3.2 SMT 88 5.4 Prototype Filter Design 92 5.4.1 Prototype Filters for Time-Invariant Channels 92 5.4.2 Prototype Filters for Time-Varying Channels 93 5.5 Synchronization and Tracking Methods 94 5.5.1 Preamble Design 95 5.5.2 Channel Tracking 96 5.5.3 Timing Tracking 97 5.6 Equalization 97 5.7 Computational Complexity 98 5.8 Applications 98 References 99 6 Orthogonal Time–Frequency Space Modulation: Principles and Implementation 103 Arman Farhang and Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 OTFS Principles 105 6.3 OFDM-Based OTFS 107 6.4 Channel Impact 108 6.5 Simplified Modem Structure 110 6.6 Complexity Analysis 113 6.7 Recent Results and Potential Research Directions 114 References 117 Part II RAN Slicing and 5G Vertical Industries 121 7 Multi-Numerology Waveform Parameter Assignment in 5G 123 Ahmet Yazar and Hüseyin Arslan 7.1 Introduction 123 7.1.1 Problem Definitions 125 7.1.2 Literature Review 126 7.2 Waveform Parameter Options 128 7.3 Waveform Parameter Assignment 130 7.4 Conclusion 132 References 132 8 Network Slicing with Spectrum Sharing 137 Yue Liu, Xu Yang and Laurie Cuthbert 8.1 The Need for Spectrum Sharing 137 8.2 Historical Approaches to Spectrum Sharing 139 8.2.1 Classifications of Spectrum Sharing 140 8.2.1.1 Orthogonality 140 8.2.1.2 Sharing Rights 141 8.2.1.3 Allocation of Resources 142 8.3 Network Slicing in the RAN 144 8.4 Radio Resource Allocation that Considers Spectrum Sharing 146 8.4.1 Example Radio Resource Allocation for Sharing Through Network Slicing 147 8.4.2 Other Considerations 153 8.5 Isolation 156 8.5.1 Example Isolation Results Using CAC 157 8.5.1.1 Type A: Baseline – CACWithout Network Isolation and Without Protection for Existing Users 158 8.5.1.2 Type B: Optimum Types – B1 and B2 158 8.5.1.3 Type C: Without Compensation – C1 and C2 159 8.6 Conclusions 162 Acknowledgments 163 References 163 9 Access Control and Handoff Policy Design for RAN Slicing 167 Yao Sun, Lei Zhang, Gang Feng and Muhammad Ali Imran 9.1 A Framework of User Access Control for RAN Slicing 167 9.1.1 System Model for RAN Slicing 168 9.1.2 UE Association Problem Description 170 9.1.3 Admission Control Mechanisms Design for RAN Slicing 170 9.1.3.1 Optimal QoS AC Mechanism 171 9.1.3.2 Num-AC Mechanism 176 9.1.4 Experiments, Results, and Discussions 177 9.2 Smart Handoff Policy Design for RAN Slicing 179 9.2.1 RAN Slice Based Mobile Network Model 179 9.2.2 Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Based Handoff Framework 181 9.2.3 LESS Algorithm for Target BS and NS Selection 181 9.2.3.1 q-Value Update Policy 182 9.2.3.2 Optimal Action Policy 183 9.2.4 Experiment, Results, and Discussions 184 9.3 Summary 186 References 186 10 Robust RAN Slicing 189 Ruihan Wen and Gang Feng 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 Network Model 190 10.2.1 Slice Failure Detection Process 190 10.2.2 System Model 191 10.3 Robust RAN Slicing 193 10.3.1 Failure Recovery Problem Formulation 193 10.3.2 Robust RAN Slicing Problem Formulation 195 10.3.3 Variable Neighborhood Search Based Heuristic for Robust RAN Slicing 196 10.4 Numerical Results 199 10.4.1 Performance Metrics 199 10.4.2 Simulation Scenarios and Settings 200 10.4.3 Results 201 10.5 Conclusions and Future Work 206 References 206 11 Flexible Function Split Over Ethernet Enabling RAN Slicing 209 Ghizlane Mountaser and Toktam Mahmoodi 11.1 Flexible Functional Split Toward RAN Slicing 209 11.1.1 Full Centralization and CPRI 209 11.1.2 RAN Functional Split 210 11.1.3 Flexible Functional Split as RAN Slicing Enabler 213 11.2 Fronthaul Reliability and Slicing by Deploying Multipath at the Fronthaul 213 11.2.1 Packet-Based Fronthaul 213 11.2.2 Multipath Packet-Based Fronthaul for Enhancing Reliability 213 11.2.3 Slicing Within Multipath Fronthaul 214 11.3 Experimentation Results Evaluation of Flexible Functional Split for RAN Slicing 214 11.3.1 Experimental Setup 214 11.3.2 Evaluation and Discussion of the Results 215 11.4 Simulation Results Analysis of Multipath Packet-Based Fronthaul for RAN Slicing 217 11.4.1 Simulation System Model 217 References 219 12 Service-Oriented RAN Support of Network Slicing 221 Wei Tan, Feng Han, Yinghao Jin and Chenchen Yang 12.1 Introduction 221 12.2 General Concept and Principles 222 12.2.1 Network Slicing Concepts 223 12.2.2 Overall RAN Subsystem 224 12.2.3 Key Principles of Network Slicing in RAN 225 12.3 RAN Subsystem Deployment Scenarios 227 12.4 Key Technologies to Enable Service-Oriented RAN Slicing 229 12.4.1 Device Awareness of RAN Part of Network Slice 230 12.4.2 Slice-Specific RAN Part of Network Slice 232 12.4.3 Mission-Driven Resource Utilization, Sharing, and Aggregation 234 12.4.4 Slice-Aware Connected UE Mobility 235 12.4.5 Slice-Level Handlings for Idle/Inactive UEs 237 12.5 Summary 237 References 238 13 5G Network Slicing for V2X Communications: Technologies and Enablers 239 Claudia Campolo, Antonella Molinaro and Vincenzo Sciancalepore 13.1 Introduction 239 13.2 Vehicular Applications 240 13.3 V2X Communication Technologies 241 13.3.1 The C-V2X Technology 242 13.3.1.1 The PC5 Radio Interface 242 13.3.1.2 The LTE-Uu Interface 242 13.3.1.3 Core Network 243 13.3.2 C-V2X Toward 5G 243 13.3.2.1 Radio Interface 243 13.3.2.2 Core Network 244 13.4 Cloudification in V2X Environments 245 13.4.1 The Role of MEC 245 13.4.2 ETSI MEC-Based Programmable Interfaces 246 13.4.3 MEC-Based Support for V2X Applications 247 13.5 Transport and Tunneling Protocol for V2X 248 13.5.1 GTP-U Encapsulation 248 13.5.2 Segment Routing v6 248 13.5.3 Scalability and Flexibility in SRv6 250 13.6 Network Slicing for V2X 251 13.6.1 3GPP Specifications 251 13.6.2 Literature Overview 252 13.7 Lessons Learnt and Guidelines 255 13.7.1 Slice Mapping and Identification 255 13.7.2 Multi-tenancy Management 255 13.7.3 Massive Communications 255 13.7.4 Transparent Mobility 256 13.7.5 Isolation 256 13.8 Conclusions 256 References 256 14 Optimizing Resource Allocation in URLLC for Real-Time Wireless Control Systems 259 Bo Chang, Liying Li and Guodong Zhao 14.1 Introduction 259 14.2 System Model with Latency and Reliability Constraints 261 14.2.1 Wireless Control Model 262 14.2.2 Wireless Communication Model 266 14.3 Communication-Control Co-Design 267 14.3.1 Communication Constraint 267 14.3.2 Control Constraint 268 14.3.3 Problem Formulation 269 14.4 Optimal Resource Allocation for The Proposed Co-Design 270 14.4.1 Relationship Between Control and Communication 270 14.4.2 Optimal Resource Allocation 271 14.4.2.1 Problem Conversion 271 14.4.2.2 Problem Solution 272 14.4.3 Optimal Control Convergence Rate 273 14.5 Simulations Results 273 14.5.1 Control Performance 274 14.5.2 Communication Performance 276 14.6 Conclusions 279 References 279 Index 283