Psychosocial Theories of Human Behavior and Development

Chapter 1: Social Science in Social Contexts The Systematic Measurement of Social Reality A Typology of Sources of Knowledge Thomas Kuhn’s Theory of Paradigm Change Social Constructions of Reality Contemporary Efforts Toward Theory Integration: The Transactional-Ecological Model Chapter 2: Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Consciousness, The Unconscious, and Defense Insights from Freud’s Treatment of Hysteria The Topographical Model The Structural Model of Personality A Hierarchy of Defenses Internalized Identifications: The Superego The Theory of Libidinous Drive Energy and Its Internal Regulation Theory of Psychosexual Development The Normalcy of Control and Cruelty Fixation and Ego Development The Phallic Phase Applications to a Theory of Psychopathology Symptoms, Defenses, and Cure The Question of the Death Instinct Later Modifications of Theories of Anxiety and Trauma Discussion Changing Historical Perspectives and the Sources of Knowledge Contemporary Influences in Research and Practice Represented Reality and Its Link to Adjustment and Treatment Linkages with Contemporary Neuroscience The Question of Sexuality in Development Chapter 3: Psychoanalytic Revisionists The Will Psychology of Otto Rank Rank’s Model of Development of True Will Will and Personality over the Lifespan Influence on Social Work The Individual Psychology of Alfred Alder A Dichotomy of Power and Weakness Gendered Valences in Developmental Adaptations Influences by Larger Social Systems Goals as Personality Organization The Emergence of a More Explicit Ego Psychology: Heinz Hartmann Object Relations Theories The Revisionist Vision of Ronald Fairbairn Theory of Psychopathology General Model of Personality Development Theory of Ego Development The Contributions of Donald Winnicott Theory of Normative Development Innovations in Treatment and Research Methods The Significance of Separation and Safety Relation to Freudian Theory Karen Horney’s Self-Realization Theory A Typology of Normative and Maladaptive Relational Styles Neurotic Solutions Horney’s Boundary-Spanning Perspective The Interpersonal Theories of Harry Stack Sullivan Normative Development The Emergence of the Self-System Out of the Experience of Anxiety Representational Models of the Self Chronology of Development Contributions to Clinical Practice Discussion Chapter 4: Eriksonian Theory The Epigenetic Stage Model of Psychosocial Development Stage 1: Trust vs. Basic Mistrust Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt The Unique Developmental Importance of Play Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt A Pursuit of Knowledge and a Flight of Imagination Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion The Mutuality of Ego Organization Identity Fragmentation, Group, and Ideology Stage 6: Intimacy vs Isolation Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair Discussion Empirical Investigations Challenges to Stage Uniformity Relevant Insights from the Field of Affective Neuroscience Other Critiques and Historical Context Chapter 5: Behaviorism: A Physiology of Learning Foundation and Early Years: Watson’s Behavioral Manifesto A Physiological Psychology Little Albert and the Danger of Affection The Purposive Behaviorism of Edward Tolman The Radical Behaviorism of B.F. Skinner A New Typology of Conditioning The Central Concept of the Operant Model of Behavioral Control and Change Theory of Developmental Progression The Problem of Emotion The Problem of Pleasure The Questions of Will and Freedom Social Group Behavior from the Behaviorist Perspective Discussion The Neuroscience of Reinforcement The Neuroscience of the Cognitive Map Cultural Contexts and Conditioning Reckoning with a Legacy Chapter 6: Piagetian Theory Early Years and Influences Sensorimotor Challenges and Achievements Assimilative and Accommodative Information Processing Capacities The Advent of Object Permanence and Conservation Object Permanence, Person Permanence, and Affective Ties The Transition from the Sensorimotor Toward the Representational The Significance of Symbolism and Play Preoperatory Period Concrete Operations, a Transition in Logico-Mathematical Capacities Concrete Operations and New Forms of Social Play Concrete Operations and Moral Behavior Formal Thought Discussion The Question of Stage-Related Development Chapter 7: Social Psychological Theories The Socio-Physiological Theories of George H. Mead The Central Reality of Social Group Memberships in Human Development Developmental Maturation The Instinctive Motives Toward Cohesion, Domination, and Self-Preservation Discussion The Field Theory of Kurt Lewin A Typology of Social Forces Motivation, Social Field, and the Life Space The Early Influence of Social Facts and Social Forces on Development The System Characteristics of Development The Particular Relevance of Tension in Field Theory Von Bertalanffy’s General System Theory Pioneering Research in Small Group Behavior From Small Group to Action Research Discussion Field Theory and Neuroscience Other Significant Influences The Structural-Functional Theory of Social Organization of Talcott Parsons The Structure of Behavioral Action Role Assignment and Actualization The Symbolic Communication of Role-Based Attributes The Processes of Role Negotiation and Adoption The System Characteristics of Social Structures Discussion The Dramaturgical Theory of Social Behavior of Erving Goffman Group Performances as Teams The Interaction of Social Systems in Support of the Performance The Systemic Need for Losers The Basic Needs Behind the Need to Perform Discussion Linkages with Neurobiological Research Linkages with Other Psychosocial Theories Chapter Discussion Chapter 8: Humanistic Psychology The Original Insights of Kurt Goldstein Self-Actualization and Society Normal and Pathological Developmental Trajectories The Emergence of the 3rd Force Gordon Allport and the Significance of Propriate Striving The Core Motivation of Propriate Striving The Emergence of Self in Development Becoming in Philosophical Context Prejudice and “The Roots of Hostility” The Self-Actualizing Theory of Abraham Maslow A Hierarchy of Needs The Physiological Needs The Safety Needs Belonginess and Love Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Needs Maslow’s Gratification Theory and Parenting The Humanistic Psychotherapy of Carl Rogers Empirical Studies Empirical Critique of the Developmental Significance of Self-Actualization Neurobiology Discussion Healthy and Unhealthy Striving Chapter 9: Social Cognition Perceptions of Others, Stereotypes, and Prejudices Moving from Perception to Stereotyped and Prejudicial Behavior Theory of Mind and Reflective Function Reflective Function, Schemas, and Attributions The Cognition of Emotion Mood and Cognition Consciousness and Unconsciousness Memory and Social Cognitive Functions Narrative Organization of Memory The Impact of Trauma on Memory Organization Self-Schemas The Functional Significance of Self-Efficacy Beliefs, Self-Enhancing Appraisals, and Self-Abasement Conceptual Models of Cognition and Personality The Big-5 Model of Personality The DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders Early Maladaptive Schemas The Nature of Motivations, Beginning with the Motive to Belong Self-Enhancement Understanding Trust Control and Controlling Behavior Mastery Motivation Values The Theory of Human Values of Schwartz and Colleagues Values and Emotions Moral Development Reasoning and Feeling Moral Foundations A Brief Sampling of the Neurobiology of Various Cognitive Processes Discussion Chapter 10: Social Ecological Theory Bronfenbrenner’s Early Life and Foundations of the Theory Biological Systems Level The Nature of Temperament Microsystems The Family Parenting in the Social Context Belsky’s Determinants of Parenting Systems Characteristics of Families The Impact of Exposure to Maltreatment and Emotional Trauma The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study Coping and Adaptation to Stress Peer Relationships Peer Groups Peer Social Status Play, Social Influence, and Identity The School Microsystem The Community Microsystem Mesosystems Parent-Peer Linkages Parent-School Linkages Community Contexts Mesosystems and Social Capital Exosystems Exosystem Influences on the Family Parental Early Developmental History Parental Social Networks Parents’ Workplaces School Exosystem Effects The Life-Long Impact of Social Class Exosystems and Critical Theory Community Exosystem Effects The Example of Public Housing in the U.S. An Example of an Equalizing Exosystem Influence Macrosystems A Cultural Typology The Institutional Transmission of Culture and Beliefs Ideology and Economic Institutions Culture and the Transmission of Gender Roles Chronosystem Influences Elder’s Life Course Theory Discussion Chapter 11: Ethological Theories The Pioneering Research of Konrad Lorenz The Integration of Instinct and Learning Appetitive and Consummatory Phases Instinct, Learning, and Dependence Attachment Affiliation The Problem of Intraspecies Aggression Attachment Theory Attachment and Other Behavioral Systems An Integration of Cybernetics Internal Working Models Phases of Attachment and Coordination of Behavioral Systems Theory of Psychological Defenses Theory of Grief and Mourning The First Public Presentations and Reception Mary Ainsworth’s Contributions to Attachment Theory Studies in the U.S. and the Development of the Strange Situation Procedure Secure and Insecure Patterns of Attachment Other Innovations in Attachment Research Discussion Affective Neuroscience A Hierarchical Organization of the Brain/Mind The 7 Basic Emotional Systems SEEKING RAGE/ANGER FEAR/ANXIETY LUST CARE PANIC/GRIEF PLAY Higher Order Emotional Organization Basic Emotions and the Construction of Self Discussion Affective Neuroscience and the Science of Personality Social Dominance Social Dominance and Social Structures Dominance, Territorial Control, and Power Systemic Emotional Instability and Dominance The Social Dominance Theory of Sidanius and Pratto A Case of Individual and Institutional Interaction Effects Empirical Findings Discussion Chapter Discussion Chapter 12: Review and Reflections The Question of Motivation Negotiation and Balance of Personal and Social Motivations The Unique Significance of Original Vulnerability Belonging and Tension The Representational Realm of Experience and the Significance of Field Theory The Question of the Progression of Competencies Emotion as Basic Motivation and Driver of Maturation The Primal Influence of Emotion The Integration of Field Theory and Affective Neuroscience Systemic Regulation of Motives and Emotions: Benevolence and Competition The Complementarity of Personal and Social Identities The Liabilities of Intelligence and the Assertion of Social Power Self-Representations and the Control of Space and Power The Question of Will Revisited References Index About the Author