Protein Carbonylation

List of Contributors xii Preface xvi 1 Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling from the Perspective of the Stem Cell 1 Saghi Ghaffari and Raymond Liang 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 ROS Regulation 2 1.3 ROS Signaling 3 1.4 ROS and Stem Cells 5 1.5 ROS, Metabolism, and Epigenetic Influence 9 1.6 Stem Cells and Mitochondria 9 1.7 ROS and Stem Cell Aging 12 2 Analysis of Protein Carbonylation 24 Ashraf G. Madian, Fred E. Regnier, and Ao Zeng 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 In Vivo Carbonylation Reactions 27 2.3 Analytical Derivatization of Carbonylated Groups 34 2.4 Selective Purification and/or Detection of Carbonylated Proteins and Peptides 36 2.5 Oxidative Stress]Based PTMS Not Involving Carbonylation 38 3 Diversity of Protein Carbonylation Pathways: Direct Oxidation,Glycoxidation, and Modifications by Lipid Peroxidation Products 48 Maria Fedorova 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Pathways of Protein Carbonylation 49 3.3 Analytical Methods for Detection of Total and Specific Protein Carbonylation 57 3.4 Protein Susceptibility to Different Carbonylation Pathways and Modifications Cross]Talk 67 4 Protein Carbonylation by Reactive Lipids 83 Koji Uchida 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Chemistry of Protein Carbonylation by Reactive Lipid Aldehydes 84 4.3 Antigenicity of Protein Carbonyls 87 4.4 Thiolation of Protein Carbonyls 89 4.5 Reductive Amination]Based Fluorescent Labeling of Protein Carbonyls 91 5 Mechanism and Functions of Protein Decarbonylation 97 Yuichiro J. Suzuki 5.1 Protein Carbonylation 97 5.2 Primary Protein Carbonylation in Cell Signaling 98 5.3 Discovery and Mechanisms of Protein Decarbonylation 101 5.4 Proposed Functions of Protein Decarbonylation in Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling 103 6 Carbonylated Proteins and Their Metabolic Regulation: Overview of Mechanisms, Target Proteins, and Characterization Using Proteomic Methods 110 Somaieh Afiuni]Zadeh and Timothy J. Griffin 6.1 Metabolic Regulation and Reactive Oxygen Species 110 6.2 ROS and Protein Carbonylation 111 6.3 Metabolic Control and Characteristics of Carbonylated Proteins 113 6.4 Protein Targets of Carbonylation and Implications in Human Health 114 6.5 Technologies and Methods for Characterizing Protein Carbonylation 118 6.6 Emerging Multifunctional Reagents for Protein Carbonylation Analysis via MS 119 6.7 Emerging Methods for Characterizing Carbonylated Protein Networks and Affected Pathways 123 7 Oxidative Stress and Protein Carbonylation in Malaria 131 Maria Linares, Antonio Puyet, Amalia Diez, and Jose M. Bautista 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Oxidative Stress during Malaria Infection 132 7.3 Protein Carbonylation in Plasmodium and Oxidative Targeting of Antimalarials 137 7.4 Oxidative Dysfunction in Host Tissues 143 7.5 Host Tolerance to Malaria by Modulation of Oxidative Stress Responses 148 7.6 Perspectives 153 8 Protein Carbonylation in Brains of Subjects with Selected Neurodegenerative Disorders 167 Tanea T. Reed and D. Allan Butterfield 8.1 Introduction to Protein Carbonylation 167 8.2 Relationship between ROS and Oxidative Stress 169 8.3 An Overview of Some Neurodegenerative Diseases 171 8.4 Role of Protein Carbonylation in Brains of Subjects with AD 174 8.5 An Introduction to Tauopathies 185 8.6 An Introduction to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 186 9 Cigarette Smoke]Induced Protein Carbonylation: Focus on Recent Human Studies 206 Graziano Colombo, Maria Lisa Garavaglia, Aldo Milzani, and Isabella Dalle]Donne 9.1 Introduction 206 9.2 Protein Carbonylation in Human Smokers 212 9.3 Protein Carbonylation in Cultured Human Cell Models of Exposure to CS 218 9.4 Limitations and Congruence of In Vivo and In Vitro Human Studies 228 10 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Oxidative Damage 241 Esther Barreiro 10.1 Introduction 242 10.2 Protein Oxidation in Tissues 244 10.3 Antioxidants in Skeletal Muscle Fibers 247 10.4 Implications of Protein Carbonylation in COPD Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction 249 10.5 Muscle Protein Carbonylation and Exercise in COPD Patients 252 10.6 Protein Carbonylation in Muscles Exposed to Chronic Cigarette Smoke 253 10.7 Protein Carbonylation in Cancer Cachexia Models 255 10.8 Protein Carbonylation as a Predisposing Mechanism of Lung Cancer in COPD 257 11 Protein Carbonylation in Aging and Senescence 272 Jeannette Konig, Tobias Jung and Tilman Grune 11.1 Introduction 272 11.2 Protein Oxidation during Aging 274 11.3 Chemistry of Protein Carbonylation and Fate of Carbonylated Proteins 277 11.4 Protein Carbonyls in Cellular Aging Models 279 11.5 Protein Carbonylation in Aging Organisms 280 12 Adipose Carbonylation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction 291 Amy K. Hauck, Dalay H. Olson, Joel S. Burrill, and David A. Bernlohr 12.1 Introduction 291 12.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 292 12.3 Oxidative Stress and Obesity 298 12.4 Detection of Protein Carbonylation 303 12.5 Outcomes of Protein Carbonylation 306 13 Protein Carbonylation in Plants 321 Ian Max Moller, Jesper F. Havelund, and Adelina Rogowska]Wrzesinska 13.1 Introduction 322 13.2 Turnover of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants 323 13.3 Methods Used in Plants for Quantifying and Identifying Carbonylation Sites 325 13.4 Protein Carbonylation in Plants 326 13.5 Protein Carbonylation in Plant Mitochondria 328 13.6 Protein Carbonylation in Seeds 333 14 Specificity of Protein Carbonylation and Its Relevance in Aging 340 Elisa Cabiscol, Jordi Tamarit, and Joaquim Ros 14.1 Introduction 340 14.2 Specificity of Protein Oxidative Damage 341 14.3 Protein Carbonylation in Aging 348 Index 384