Principles of Goat Disease and Prevention

Contributors xxiii Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxix 1 Introduction 1 K. Justin Davis, Sunita Choudhary, and Tanmoy Rana 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Global Distribution 1 1.3 Advantages of Goat Rearing 1 1.4 Goat Milk and Products 2 1.5 Chevon 3 1.6 Fiber and Other Products 4 1.7 Goat Production System 4 1.8 Constraints in Goat Farming 4 1.9 Economics of Disease in Goats 4 1.10 Goat Diseases and Public Health 5 1.11 Prevention of Disease 5 Multiple-Choice Questions 6 References 7 2 Nutrition and Management of Goats 9 Rohit Kumar 2.1 Essential Nutrients for Goats 9 2.1.1 Protein 9 2.1.2 Carbohydrates 9 2.1.3 Fats 10 2.7 Conclusion 18 Multiple-Choice Questions 18 References 19 Further Reading 19 3 Handling and Restraining of Goats 21 Falguni Mridha 3.1 Purposes of Handling and Restraining 21 3.2 Basics of Animal Behavior Associated with Handling 21 3.2.1 Experience of Handler 22 Multiple-Choice Questions 28 References 30 4 Clinical Findings of Diseases of Goats 33 Sunita Choudhary, K. Justin Davis, G.K. Chetan Kumar, and Pratishtha Sharma 4.1 Diagnosis of Skin Diseases by Clinical Findings 33 4.1.1 Pruritus 33 4.1.2 Hyperkeratosis 34 4.1.3 Abscesses, Nodules, Scales, and Crust 34 4.1.4 Alopecia 34 4.1.5 Pigmentary Changes 35 Multiple-Choice Questions 45 References 47 5 Collection, Preservation, Processing, and Dispatch of Clinical Material of Goats 49 Gauri A. Chandratre 5.1 Why Are Samples Collected? 49 5.2 Who Should Collect the Samples? 50 5.3 Sample Collection and Emergency Preparedness 50 5.4 Various Samples and Sample Collection Methods from Diseased Goats 50 Multiple-Choice Questions 60 References 61 6 Parasitic Diseases of Goats 63 G.K. Chetan Kumar 6.1 Common Trematode Diseases of Goats 63 6.1.1 Fasciolosis 63 6.1.2 Dicrocoeliosis in Goats 65 6.1.3 Paramphistomiasis in Goats 66 6.2 Common Tapeworm Diseases of Goats 67 Multiple-Choice Questions 76 References 77 7 Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia Diseases of Goats 79 Ranjani Rajasekaran, Hridya Susan Varughese, Padmanath Krishnan, and Panikkaparambil Shilpa 7.1 Mycoplasma 79 7.1.1 Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia 79 7.1.1.1 History 79 Multiple-Choice Questions 91 References 93 Further Readings 93 Mycoplasma 93 Rickettsia 94 Chlamydia 94 8 Bacterial Diseases of Goats 95 Vipin Maurya 8.1 Anthrax 95 8.1.1 Etiology 95 8.1.2 Clinical Features 95 Multiple-Choice Questions 109 References 110 9 Fungal Diseases of Goats 111 Pardeep Sharma and Tanmoy Rana 9.1 Fundamentals of Fungal Diseases of Goats 111 9.2 Dermatophytosis in the Goat: Ringworm, Tinea 111 9.2.1 Etiology 111 9.9 Conclusion 124 Multiple-Choice Questions 124 References 125 10 Viral Diseases of Goats 127 Abha Tikoo, Savleen Kour, and Rajesh Agrawal 10.1 Peste des Petits Ruminants 127 10.2 Goat Pox 128 10.3 Foot and Mouth Disease 130 10.4 Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis 131 10.5 Rabies 132 Multiple-Choice Questions 133 References 134 11 Transboundary, Emerging, and Exotic Diseases of Goats 137 Subir Singh 11.1 Peste des Petits Ruminants 138 11.1.1 Etiology and Epidemiology 139 11.1.2 Transmission 140 11.1.3 Clinical Findings 140 11.6 Conclusion 152 Multiple-Choice Questions 152 References 153 12 Production Diseases of Goats 155 Gaurav Charaya, Jasleen Kaur, Chinmoy Maji, and Tanmoy Rana 12.1 Body Condition Scoring in Goats and Its Significance in Relation to Production Diseases 155 12.2 Factors Affecting Nutritional Requirements in Goats 155 12.3 Major Production Diseases Encountered in Goats 156 Multiple-Choice Questions 163 References 164 Further Reading 164 13 Poisoning in Goats 165 Kamlesh A. Sadariya, Shailesh K. Bhavsar, and Tamanna H. Solanki 13.1 Toxic Plant Poisoning 166 13.1.1 Lantana camara Poisoning 167 13.1.2 Cyanogenic Glycoside/Cyanide Poisoning 168 13.1.3 Subabul Poisoning 168 13.11 Conclusion 176 Multiple-Choice Questions 177 References 178 14 Genetic Diseases of Goats 183 Simant Kumar Nanda 14.1 Congenital Abnormalities 184 14.1.1 Congenital Abnormalities of Joints and the Skeleton 184 14.1.2 Akabane Virus (Bunyavirus) 184 14.1.3 Hereditary Chondrodysplasia (Spider Lamb Syndrome) 185 14.18 Conclusion 193 Multiple-Choice Questions 193 References 194 15 Protozoan Diseases in Goats 195 Vikrant Sudan, Deepak Sumbria, and Rabjot Kour 15.1 Babesiosis 195 15.1.1 Life Cycle 195 15.1.2 Pathogenesis 196 15.1.3 Symptoms 196 Multiple-Choice Questions 204 References 205 16 Metabolic Diseases in Goats 207 Antônio C.L. Câmara and Benito Soto-Blanco 16.1 Polioencephalomalacia 207 16.1.1 Etiology 207 16.1.2 Clinical Signs 208 16.1.3 Ancillary Diagnostic Tests 208 Multiple-Choice Questions 218 References 219 17 Nutritional Deficiency Diseases in Goats 221 Chinmoy Maji, Suman Biswas, and Jasleen Kaur 17.1 Deficiency of Water 221 17.2 Deficiency of Energy 222 17.3 Deficiency of Protein 223 Multiple-Choice Questions 233 References 234 18 Diagnostic Techniques in Goats 237 Mohammad I. Yatoo, Oveas R. Parray, Rather I. Ul Haq, and Mohsina Mushtaq 18.1 Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 237 18.1.1 Case History 237 18.1.2 Clinical Signs 237 18.1.3 Physical Examination 237 Multiple-Choice Questions 248 References 249 19 Management of Pain from Surgery and Lameness in Goats 251 Joe S. Smith and Pierre-Yves Mulon 19.1 Pathophysiology of Pain 251 19.2 Arthritis 251 19.3 Recognition of Pain 252 19.4 Analgesics Available 252 19.4.1 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 252 19.4.1.1 Flunixin Meglumine 255 19.4.1.2 Meloxicam 255 19.4.1.3 Other Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 255 19.4.2 Opioids 255 19.4.2.1 Morphine 256 19.4.2.2 Butorphanol 256 19.4.2.3 Fentanyl 256 19.4.2.4 Other Opioids 256 19.4.3 α 2 Adrenergic Agonists 256 19.4.4 Ketamine 257 19.4.5 Gabapentin 258 19.5 Non-pharmacological Therapies 258 19.6 Regulatory Concerns 258 19.7 Strategies for Analgesia in Goats 258 19.7.1 Preoperative Analgesia 258 19.7.2 Epidural 258 19.7.3 Regional Local Anesthesia 260 19.7.4 Topical Agents 261 19.8 Management of Osteoarthritis 261 19.9 Future Directions 261 19.10 Conclusion 262 Multiple-Choice Questions 262 References 264 20 Antimicrobial Resistance in Goat Production Practices 267 Bhupamani Das, Kruti Debnath Mandal, Abhinav Suthar and Chinmoy Maji 20.1 Causes of Antimicrobial Resistance 267 20.1.1 Indiscriminate Use of Drugs 267 20.1.2 Unchecked Antimicrobial Dosage 268 20.1.3 Inadequate Diagnostics 268 20.1.4 Veterinary Practitioners 268 20.1.5 Poor Hygiene and Sanitation Practices 268 20.1.6 Lack of Effective Preventive and Control Strategies 269 20.1.7 Poor Surveillance and Monitoring 269 20.2 Types of Antimicrobial Resistance 269 20.2.1 Natural Resistance 269 20.2.2 Acquired Resistance 269 20.2.3 Side Resistance 270 20.2.4 Cross-Resistance 270 20.2.5 Multiple Resistance or Multiple Drug Resistance 270 20.3 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance 270 20.3.1 Natural Resistance 270 20.3.1.1 Permeability Barrier 270 20.3.1.2 Biofilm Formation 271 20.3.2 Acquired Resistance 271 20.3.2.1 Vertical Gene Transfer 271 20.3.2.2 Horizontal Gene Transfer 271 20.4 Barriers to Effective Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance 273 20.5 Present Status of Antimicrobial Resistance in Goat Production Practices 279 20.6 Conclusion 279 Multiple-Choice Questions 279 References 280 21 Prevention and Control Strategy in Combating Diseases of Goats 285 Amita Tiwari, Shivangi Udainiya, and Tanmoy Rana 21.1 Control of Infectious Diseases 285 21.1.1 Biosecurity Measures 285 21.1.2 Vaccination 288 21.2 Control of Endoparasites/Internal Parasites 290 21.2.1 Nematodes 290 21.2.2 Cestodes 290 21.2.3 Trematodes 290 21.2.4 Lungworms 291 21.2.5 Deworming Schedule for Goats 291 21.2.6 Common Measures for Control of Endoparasites 291 21.3 Control of Ectoparasites/External Parasites 292 21.3.1 Ticks 292 21.3.1.1 Treatment, Prevention, and Control of Ticks 293 21.3.2 Lice 293 21.3.2.1 Treatment and Control of Lice Infestation 293 21.3.3 Mites 293 21.3.3.1 Psoroptic Mange 293 21.3.3.2 Sarcoptic Mange 294 21.3.3.3 Demodectic Mange 294 21.3.3.4 Control and Treatment Strategy for Mange Mites 294 21.4 Control of Protozoal Infections 294 21.4.1 Coccidiosis 294 21.4.1.1 Treatment and Control of Coccidiosis 294 21.4.2 Cryptosporidiosis 295 21.4.3 Toxoplasmosis 296 21.5 Diseases of Nutrition and Metabolism 296 21.5.1 Mineral Deficiencies 296 21.5.2 Vitamin Deficiencies 296 21.5.3 Milk Fever 296 21.5.4 Grass Tetany 297 21.5.5 Ruminal Acidosis 297 21.6 Poisonous Plants 297 21.7 Pregnancy Toxemia 297 Multiple-Choice Questions 298 References 298 Answers 299 Index 321