Practical Veterinary Urinalysis

Preface and Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Functional Renal Physiology and Urine Production 1 Glomerular filtration 1 Tubular reabsorption and secretion 3 Collecting tubules 5 Renal function and measures of renal function 5 Laboratory assessment of renal function 6 Chapter 2 Specimen Procurement 9 Laboratory definitions for collection methods 9 Urine specimen containers 12 Specimen handling and preservation 15 Types of urine specimens 16 Chapter 3 Routine Urinalysis: Physical Properties 19 Solute concentration 19 Urine color 25 Chapter 4 Routine Urinalysis: Chemical Analysis 29 pH 29 Protein 32 Glucose 38 Ketone 40 Blood 42 Bilirubin 45 Urobilinogen 48 Nitrite 49 Leukocyte esterase 50 Specific gravity 51 Chapter 5 Routine Urinalysis: Microscopic Elements 55 Urine sediment preparation 55 Examination of urine sediment 57 Microscopic elements of urine sediment 59 Chapter 6 Proteinuria 113 Protein handling by the kidney 113 Significance of proteinuria 116 Laboratory diagnosis of proteinuria 117 Recommendations regarding diagnosis of proteinuria 126 Additional considerations for proteinuria 126 Chapter 7 Advanced Diagnostics 133 Detection of bacteriuria versus diagnosis of urinary tract infection 133 Urinary tract cytology 136 Fractional excretion 147 Urinary biomarkers 149 Chapter 8 Laboratory Quality Assurance 155 Physical requirements of the laboratory 155 Laboratory equipment 157 Reagents and supplies for the urinalysis laboratory 160 Laboratory waste 160 Quality control in the urinalysis laboratory 161 Procedure manuals 163 Index 165