Perinatal Stem Cells

Contributors xi Introduction xv 1 AMNIOTIC FLUID STEM CELLS 1 Sean Vincent Murphy and Anthony Atala Introduction 1 Development of Gestational Stem Cells 2 Isolation and Characterization of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 2 Multipotency of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 3 Clinical Application of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 8 Conclusion 13 References 13 2 CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTS: PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 17 Richard L. Haspel and Karen K. Ballen Introduction 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: Adult Donor Collection 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: HLA Matching 18 Collection and Processing of Cord Blood Units 19 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: Recipient Issues 20 Bone Marrow versus Single Cord Blood: Pediatric 21 Bone Marrow versus Cord Blood: Adults 23 Cord Blood Transplant: Advantages and Disadvantages 23 Double Cord Blood Transplants: Ablative Regimens 24 Double Cord Blood Transplant: Non-Myeloablative Regimens 26 Are Two Cords Better Than One? 27 Chimerism 28 Predicting the Winner 28 Other Experimental Strategies 30 Summary 31 References 31 3 HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PLACENTA 37 Katrin E.R. Ericson, Akanksha Chhabra, and Hanna K.A. Mikkola Introduction 37 The Hematopoietic System 37 Historical Perspective on Placental Hematopoiesis 38 The Development and Structure of the Mouse Placenta 39 Hematopoietic Activity in the Mouse Placenta 40 Identification of Placental HSCs 42 The Origin and Localization of Placental HSCs 43 Hematopoietic Activity in the Human Placenta 45 Hematopoietic Microenvironment in the Placenta 46 Conclusions and Perspectives 47 References 49 4 PERINATAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL BANKING FOR UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTATION AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 53 Rouzbeh R. Taghizadeh Introduction 53 Hematopoiesis 54 Hematopoietic Transplantations 54 Umbilical Cord: Source of Perinatal HSCs and MSCs 56 Hematopoietic Transplantations of Umbilical Cord Blood 57 Strategies to Overcome the Transplant-Related Limitations of Umbilical Cord Blood 58 Umbilical Cord Tissue MSC Banking 61 References 63 5 MAKING ORGAN AND STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION SAFER: THE ROLE OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 71 Hans Klingemann Introduction 71 MSC to Prevent Rejection After Solid Organ Transplantation 72 MSC in the Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease 73 MSC to Support Hematopoietic Recovery of Stem Cells After Stem Cell Transplantation 74 References 75 6 WHARTON’S JELLY MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS AND IMMUNE MODULATION: REGENERATIVE MEDICINE MEETS TISSUE REPAIR 77 Rita Anzalone, Felicia Farina, Melania Lo Iacono, Simona Corrao, Tiziana Corsello, Giovanni Zummo, and Giampiero La Rocca Introduction 77 Expression of Relevant Immunomodulatory Molecules in Vitro by MSCs 79 Tolerance Induction by MSCs: Rediscovering the Embryo Immune Evasion Mechanisms 79 Immune Modulation in Vivo: Contrasting Data on the Immune Privilege of MSCs 80 WJ-MSC in in Vivo Models: Enhancing the Immunomodulatory Features of Adult MSC Populations 82 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 83 References 84 7 IMMUNOGENICITY VERSUS IMMUNOMODULATION OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS 89 Bram Lutton and Raimon Duran-Struuck Introduction 89 Mechanisms of Immunomodulation by Umbilical Cord- and Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs 90 Innate Immune System 90 Adaptive Immune System 92 Natural Tolerance and Umbilical Cord Tissues 94 Tolerance versus Immunogenicity: The Yin and Yang of Host Responses to Umbilical Cord-Derived Cells 95 Conclusions 97 References 98 8 THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE: MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 105 Radbeh Torabi, Vincenzo Villani, Christopher A. Mallard, and Curtis L. Cetrulo, Jr. Introduction 105 Graft-versus-Host Disease 106 Acute GVHD 107 Chronic GVHD 108 GVHD Prevention 109 Hematopoetic Recovery and HCT Engraftment 109 Hematopoietic Recovery 110 HCT Engraftment 111 MSC Potential Uses 111 References 113 9 NEWBORN STEM CELLS: IDENTITY, FUNCTION, AND CLINICAL POTENTIAL 119 Anthony Park, Louis Chan, Mayur Danny I. Gohel, Sean Murphy, Ursula Manuelpillai, Ann Chidgey, and Richard Boyd Introduction 120 The Newborn Offers an Enormous Opportunity for Stem Cells 120 Amnion 120 Isolation and Phenotypic Characterization of Amnion Cells 121 Therapeutic Potential of Amnion Membrane 123 Mechanisms of AEC-Enhanced Wound Repair 125 Therapeutic Potential of Amnion as Single Cells 127 Amnion Immunogenicity and Immunosuppressive Properties 127 Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 128 Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 130 Chorion MSCs 131 References 133 10 BIOMEDICAL POTENTIAL OF HUMAN PERINATAL STEM CELLS 139 Oleg V. Semenov and Christian Breymann Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine 139 Perinatal Stem Cell Sources 140 Properties of Perinatal Mesenchymal Stem Cells 143 Properties of Perinatal Hematopoietic Stem Cells 144 Biomedical Applications of Human Perinatal Stem Cells 145 Perspectives and Obstacles 147 References 148 11 PROGENITOR CELL THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 155 Alex Bryan Olsen, Robert A. Hetz, Supinder S. Bedi, and Charles S. Cox, Jr. Introduction 155 Cellular Therapy for the Treatment of TBI 159 Neural Stem Progenitor Cells 159 Human Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells 160 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 163 Umbilical Cord Blood 165 Wharton’s Jelly 166 Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells 167 The Inflammatory Reflex 168 Conclusion 170 References 171 12 THE HUMAN AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE: A TISSUE WITH MULTIFACETED PROPERTIES AND DIFFERENT POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 177 Maddalena Caruso, Antonietta Silini, and Ornella Parolini Introduction 177 Structure and Histology of the Human Amniotic Membrane 178 Preparation, Preservation, and Sterilization of the Human Amniotic Membrane 179 Biological and Structural Properties of the Human Amniotic Membrane Generally Invoked to Explain Its Effects in Vivo 180 Established Clinical Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane 183 Prospective Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane: Lessons from Preclinical Studies 187 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 References 190 13 ADVANCES AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN AMNION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVER DISEASE 197 Fabio Marongiu, Maria Paola Serra, Marcella Sini, Ezio Laconi, Marc C. Hansel, Kristen J. Skvorak, Roberto Gramignoli, and Stephen C. Strom Introduction 197 Human Amnion for the Management of Liver Fibrosis 198 Amnion-Derived Hepatocytes and Their Possible Applications 199 Conclusions 204 References 205 14 AMNION-DERIVED CELLS FOR STROKE RESTORATIVE THERAPY 209 Naoki Tajiri, Loren E. Glover, and Cesar V. Borlongan Introduction 209 Stem Cell Therapy: Beyond Stroke Neuroprotection 210 Therapeutic Potential of Adult Stem Cells 210 The Biology of Amnion-Derived Cells 211 Amnion-Derived Cells for Cell Therapy 212 Conclusion 215 References 216 15 PREGNANCY-ACQUIRED FETAL PROGENITORS AS NATURAL CELL THERAPY 221 Elke Seppanen, Nicholas M. Fisk,and Kiarash Khosrotehrani Introduction 221 Fetal Cell Microchimerism, a Widespread Phenomenon 222 The Kinetics of Fetal Cell Detection 222 Factors Modifying the Level of Microchimerism 222 Detecting FMC 223 Homing and Plasticity of FMC 224 Hematopoietic Capacity of FMC 224 Epithelial, Neuronal and Hepatic Capacity of FMC 228 Mesenchymal Capacity of FMC 228 FMC Includes Functional Endothelial Progenitor Cells that Contribute to Tissue Repair 229 FMC Likely Includes Cells of Placental Origin 230 Conclusions 230 References 231 INDUSTRY REVIEW 235 16 PERINATAL STEM CELLS: AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE 237 Kyle J. Cetrulo Introduction 237 The Public Cord Blood Banking Industry 238 The Private Banking Industry 239 Research and Cord Blood Clinical Trials 240 The Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Industry 241 Wharton’s Jelly/Cord Tissue 242 Placental Stem Cells and Placental Tissue 243 Amniotic Fluid 244 Conclusion 245 References 245 17 PATENT PROTECTION OF STEM CELL INNOVATIONS 249 John R. Wetherell The Role of Patents in Commercialization 249 Background of the Patent System 250 Patentable Subject Matter 251 Statutory Requirements for a Patent 252 Written Description/Enablement/Best Mode 254 Important Future Changes 256 18 INTERVIEW WITH FRANCES VERTER, FOUNDER OF PARENT’S GUIDE TO CORD BLOOD FOUNDATION 259 Frances Verter and Kyle J. Cetrulo References 269 19 UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BANKING: AN OBSTETRICIAN’S PERSPECTIVE 271 Jordan H. Perlow References 277 Index 279