Fermentation Processes

Chapter 1. Introduction to conventional fermentation processes 1. 1. Bioprocesses 1.1.1. Production of microbial biomass 1.1.2. Production of microbial metabolites 1.1.3. Production of microbial enzymes 1.1.4. Production of recombinant proteins 1.1.5. Production of microbial plasmids 1.1.6. Bioconversion 1.2. Energetic metabolism 1.2.1. Energy transfer and redox reactions 1.2.2. Aerobic respiration 1.2.3. Anaerobic respiration 1.2.4. Fermentation 1.3. Microorganisms used in fermentation processes 1.3.1. Bacteria 1.3.2. Fungi 1.4. Fermentation technology 1.5. Conclusions 1.6. References Chapter 2. Current developments in industrial fermentation processes 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Main achievements in industrial fermentation 2.2.1. Fermentation processes in food industry 2.2.1.1. Alcoholic beverages 2.2.1.2. Enzymes 2.2.2. Fermentation processes in chemical industry 2.2.2.1. Biofuels 2.2.2.2. Organic acids 2.2.2.3. Triacylglycerols and Polyhydroxyalkanoates 2.2.2.4. Syngas fermentation 2.2.3. Fermentation processes in the pharmaceutical industry 2.2.3.1. Drugs 2.2.3.2. Recombinant proteins 2.3. Current developments in industrial fermentation 2.3.1. Microorganisms 2.3.2. Fermentation Media 2.3.2.1. Types of media sources 2.3.3. Fermentation systems 2.3.3.1. Solid-state fermentation bioreactors 2.3.3.2. Ultrasonic fermentation process 2.3.3.3. Electro fermentation 2.3.4. Fermentation optimization 2.3.5. Fermentation process modeling 2.3.5.1. Mechanistic models 2.3.5.2. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 2.3.6. Inhibition of fermentation processes 2.3.6.1. Substrate inhibition 2.3.6.2. pH inhibition 2.3.6.3. Inhibition by un-dissociated acids 2.3.6.4. Temperature inhibition 2.3.6.5. Nitrogen inhibition 2.3.6.6. Inhibition by phosphate 2.3.6.7. Inhibition by sulfide 2.3.6.8. Inhibition by lactic acid bacteria 2.3.6.9. Inhibition by metals 2.3.6.10. Inhibition by phenolic and furanic mixtures 2.4. Conclusions 2.5. References Chapter 3. Culture condition changes for enhancing fermentation processes 3.1. Introduction 3.1.1. Fermentation 3.2. Culture media used for fermentation 3.2.1. The culture media purpose 3.2.2. Media types 3.2.3. Culture media: a quantitative approach 3.2.4. Culture media: a compositional approach 3.2.4.1. Water 3.2.4.2. Energy sources 3.2.4.3. Carbon sources 3.2.4.4. Examples of commonly used carbon sources 3.2.4.5. Nitrogen sources 3.2.4.6. Minerals 3.2.4.7. Chelators 3.2.4.8. Growth factors 3.2.4.9. Buffers 3.2.4.10. Precursors and metabolic regulators to media 3.2.4.11. Precursors and inhibitors 3.2.5. Impact of culture conditions on fermentation processes 3.2.5.1. The temperature 3.2.5.2. The pH 3.2.5.3. The cell concentration 3.2.5.4. The carbon dioxide 3.2.5.5. The ethanol 3.3.1. Pasteur effect 3.3.2. Crabtree effect 3.3.3. Custer effect 3.3.4 Oxygen requirements 3.4. Conclusions 3.5. References Chapter 4. Emerging technologies and their mechanism of action on fermentation 4.1. Introduction 4.2. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing 4.3. Ultrasound (US) 4.4. Pulsed Electric Fields 4.5. Microwaves (MV) 4.6. Conclusions 4.7. References Chapter 5. Biomass fractionation using emerging technologies 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Ultrasound application for biomass fractionation 5.3. Microwave application for biomass fractionation 5.4. Pulsed-electric fields application for biomass fractionation 5.5. Enzyme-assisted fractionation of biomass 5.6. Supercritical fluid fractionation of biomass 5.7. Conclusions 5.8. References Chapter 6. Enhancing microbial growth using emerging technologies 6.1. Introduction              6.2. Microbial stimulation using electric fields 6.3. Microbial stimulation using ultrasounds 6.4. Microbial stimulation using high pressure 6.5. Conclusions 6.6. References