NeuroPET

1 Introduction.- 2 Clinical Studies.- 2.1 Dementia and Memory Disorders.- 2.1.1 Clinical and Research Issues.- 2.1.2 Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment.- 2.1.2.1 Cerebral Glucose Metabolism.- 2.1.2.2 Cholinergic Degeneration.- 2.1.2.3 Other Receptors and Transmitters.- 2.1.2.4 Amyloid Imaging.- 2.1.2.5 Activation Studies.- 2.1.3 Dementia with LewyBodies.- 2.1.4 Frontotemporal Dementia and Related Disorders.- 2.1.5 Vascular Dementia.- 2.1.6 Creutzfeldt-Iakob Disease.- 2.1.7 Other Memory Disorders.- 2.1.7.1 Hypoxic and Global Ischemic Brain Damage.- 2.1.7.2 Other Amnesic Syndromes.- 2.2 Movement Disorders.- 2.2.1 Idiopathic Parkinson Disease.- 2.2.1.1 Diagnostic Issues.- 2.2.1.2 Dopamine Synthesis.- 2.2.1.3 Dopamine Release and Turnover.- 2.2.1.4 Dopamine Transporters.- 2.2.1.5 Vesicular Monoamine Transporter.- 2.2.1.6 Dopamine Receptors.- 2.2.1.7 Mesocortical Dopaminergic Innervation.- 2.2.1.8 Other Transmitters.- 2.2.1.9 Resting Glucose Metabolism.- 2.2.1.10 Activation Studies.- 2.2.1.11 Familial PD.- 2.2.1.12 Disease Progression.- 2.2.1.13 Depression in PD.- 2.2.1.14 Improving and Understanding Treatment Effects.- 2.2.2 Multiple System Atrophy.- 2.2.2.1 Olivo-ponto-cerebellar Atrophy.- 2.2.2.2 Striatonigral Degeneration.- 2.2.2.3 Shy-Drager Syndrome.- 2.2.3 Other Neurodegenerative Disorders.- 2.2.3.1 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.- 2.2.3.2 Corticobasal Degeneration.- 2.2.3.3 Disorders with Abnormal Deposition of Metals.- 2.2.3.4 Parkinsonism Attributable to Toxic and Inflammatory Brain Damage.- 2.2.3.5 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.- 2.2.3.6 Other Rare Disorders.- 2.2.4 Hyperkinetic Syndromes.- 2.2.4.1 Huntington's Chorea (Huntington Disease).- 2.2.4.2 Other Choreic Disorders.- 2.2.4.3 Restless LegsSyndrome.- 2.2.4.4 Essential and Orthostatic Tremor.- 2.2.4.5 Tourette Syndrome.- 2.2.5 Dystonia and Related Disorders.- 2.2.5.1 Idiopathic Dystonia and Torticollis.- 2.2.5.2 DOPA-responsiveDystonia.- 2.2.5.3 Dystonia Attributable to Localized Lesions or Degeneration.- 2.2.6 Ataxia.- 2.2.6.1 Spinocerebellar Ataxia.- 2.2.6.2 Friedreich's Ataxia.- 2.2.6.3 Other Ataxias.- 2.3 Brain Tumors.- 2.3.1 Biological Grading.- 2.3.1.1 Glucose Consumption.- 2.3.1.2 Amino Acid Uptake.- 2.3.1.3 Nucleoside Uptake.- 2.3.2 PET-Guided Stereotactic Biopsy.- 2.3.3 Differentiation Between Recurrent Tumor and Radiation Necrosis.- 2.3.4 Monitoring of Therapy.- 2.3.5 Identification of Hypoxic Tumor Tissue.- 2.3.6 Improving and Planning Therapy.- 2.3.7 New Therapies.- 2.3.8 Other Tracers for Brain Tumors.- 2.3.9 Extracranial Tumors of the Nervous System.- 2.3.10 Detection of Primary Tumors.- 2.3.11 Activation Studies.- 2.3.11.1 Motor Function.- 2.3.11.2 Language.- 2.4 Cerebrovascular Disease.- 2.4.1 Ischemic Stroke.- 2.4.2 Intracerebral and Subdural Hemorrhage.- 2.4.3 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 2.4.4 Remote Effects (Diaschisis).- 2.4.5 Chronic Hemodynamic Impairment.- 2.4.6 Moyamoya Disease.- 2.4.7 Genetic Disorders (MELAS, CADASIL).- 2.4.8 Brain Function and RecoveryAfter Stroke.- 2.4.8.1 Aphasia.- 2.4.8.2 Motor Function.- 2.4.8.3 Neglect.- 2.5 Epilepsy.- 2.5.1 Localization of Epileptogenic Foci.- 2.5.1.1 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.- 2.5.1.2 Neocortical Focal Epilepsy.- 2.5.1.3 Ictal Studies.- 2.5.1.4 GABA-A and Benzodiazepine Receptors.- 2.5.1.5 Other Transmitters and Receptors.- 2.5.1.6 Inflammatory Lesions and Glial Reaction.- 2.5.2 Progression of Epileptic Lesions.- 2.5.3 Prediction of Surgical Outcome.- 2.5.4 Malformations of Cortical Development.- 2.5.5 Childhood Epileptic Syndromes.- 2.5.6 Language Dominance.- 2.5.7 Effects of Surgical Intervention and Medical Treatment.- 2.5.8 Generalized Epilepsy.- 2.6 Other Neurological Disorders.- 2.6.1 Traumatic Brain Injury.- 2.6.2 Persistent VegetativeState.- 2.6.3 Perinatal Brain Damage.- 2.6.4 Inflammatory Disease.- 2.6.5 Pain.- 2.6.6 Migraine and Cluster Headache.- 2.6.7 Narcolepsy.- 2.6.8 Hypoparathyroidism (Fahr's Disease).- 2.6.9 Systemic Inherited Metabolic Disorders.- 2.7 Psychiatric Disorders.- 2.7.1 Depression.- 2.7.1.1 Cerebral Blood Flowand Cerebral Metabolic Rate (Glucose).- 2.7.1.2 Serotonin Receptors.- 2.7.1.3 Serotonin Transporters.- 2.7.1.4 Other Transmitter Systems.- 2.7.2 Fatigue.- 2.7.3 Schizophrenia.- 2.7.3.1 CBF and Energy Metabolism.- 2.7.3.2 Activation Studies.- 2.7.3.3 Dopamine Receptors and Dopamine Release.- 2.7.3.4 Other Receptors.- 2.7.3.5 Receptor Binding of Antipsychotic Drugs.- 2.7.4 Anxiety Disorders.- 2.7.4.1 Panic Disorder.- 2.7.4.2 Phobic Disorders.- 2.7.4.3 Obsessive-compulsive Disorder.- 2.7.4.4 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.- 2.7.5 Drug and Substance Abuse.- 2.7.5.1 Alcoholism.- 2.7.5.2 Cocaine.- 2.7.5.3 Amphetamine and Derivatives.- 2.7.5.4 Opiates.- 2.7.5.5 Nicotine.- 2.7.5.6 Hallucinogens.- 2.7.5.7 Phencyclidine.- 2.7.6 Personality and Behavioral Disorders.- 2.7.6.1 Borderline Personality Disorder.- 2.7.6.2 Violence and Suicide.- 2.7.7 Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia.- 3 Imaging Brain Function.- 3.1 Blood-Brain Barrier Transfer.- 3.2 Cerebral Blood Flow.- 3.3 Oxygen Consumption.- 3.4 Glucose Consumption.- 3.5 Influence of Brain Function on CBF and Metabolism.- 3.5.1 Wakefulness and Sleep.- 3.5.2 Effect of Drugs.- 3.5.3 The Resting State .- 3.5.4 Activation Studies.- 3.6 Tissue Oxygen Pressureand pH.- 3.7 Amino Acid Transport and Protein Synthesis.- 3.7.1 Transport-only Tracers.- 3.7.2 Tracers with Incorporation into Proteins.- 3.7.3 Precursors and Analogues for Transmitter Systems.- 3.8 Nucleosides and DNA Synthesis.- 3.9 Molecular Imaging.- 3.9.1 Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Imaging.- 3.9.2 Reporter Gene Imaging.- 3.9.3 Oligonucleotides.- 3.9.4 Apoptosis and p53.- 3.9.5 Cell Trafficking.- 3.9.6 Angiogenesis.- 3.10 Dopamine System.- 3.10.1 Precursors and Analogues of Dopamine.- 3.10.2 Dopamine Transporter.- 3.10.3 Vesicular Monoamine Transporter.- 3.10.4 D1 Receptors.- 3.10.5 D2 Receptors.- 3.10.6 Studies of Synaptic Dopamine Release.- 3.10.7 Monoamine Oxidase.- 3.11 Cholinergic System.- 3.11.1 Acetylcholine Synthesis.- 3.11.2 Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter.- 3.11.3 Nicotinic Receptors.- 3.11.4 Muscar inic Receptors.- 3.11.5 Acetylcholine Esterase.- 3.12 Serotonin System.- 3.12.1 Serotonin Precursors.- 3.12.2 Serotonin Transporter.- 3.12.3 Serotonin Receptors.- 3.12.3.1 Serotonin 1A Receptors.- 3.12.3.2 Serotonin 2A Receptors.- 3.13 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).- 3.13.1 Central Benzodiazepine-binding Sites.- 3.13.2 Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors.- 3.14 Glutamate and NMDA Receptors.- 3.15 Adenosine Receptors.- 3.16 Histamine Receptors.- 3.17 Cannabinoid Receptors.- 3.18 Opioid Receptors and Sigma Receptor.- 3.19 Steroid Receptors.- 3.20 Substance P.- 3.21 Secondary Neurotransmitters.- 4 Data Acquisition, Reconstruction, Modeling, Statistics.- 4.1 Positron Emitters and Tracers.- 4.2 Scanners and Detector Systems.- 4.3 Data Acquisition.- 4.4 Image Reconstruction.- 4.5 Motion Detection and Correction.- 4.6 Data Visualization.- 4.7 Image Coregistration.- 4.7.1 Fiducial Markers.- 4.7.2 Matching of Brain Structures.- 4.7.3 Algorithms for Maximization of Similarity.- 4.7.4 PET/CT and PET/MRI Scanners.- 4.8 Anatomical Standardization.- 4.8.1 Orientation of Transaxial Slices.- 4.8.2 Matching of Individual Brains to Image Templates ( Spatial Normalization ).- 4.8.3 Atlases for Identification of Anatomical Structures.- 4.9 Physiological Modeling.- 4.9.1 Blood and Homogeneous Tissue (One Tissue Compartment).- 4.9.1.1 Transport across the BBB.- 4.9.1.2 Cerebral Blood Flow.- 4.9.1.3 Mixed Effects of Transport and Blood Flow.- 4.9.1.4 Measurement of the Partition Coefficient.- 4.9.1.5 Saturable Transport and Enzyme Reactions.- 4.9.2 Metabolism.- 4.9.2.1 Irreversible Metabolism (Metabolic Trapping).- 4.9.2.2 Measurement of Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolism.- 4.9.2.3 The Reference Tissue Model for Dopamine Synthesis and Storage.- 4.9.2.4 Reversible Metabolism or Binding.- 4.9.3 Receptor Binding.- 4.9.3.1 Irreversible Receptor Binding.- 4.9.3.2 Equilibrium Approaches for Quantification of Reversible Receptor Binding.- 4.9.4 Extraction of Model Parameters from Kinetic Data.- 4.10 Quantitative Data Analysis.- 4.10.1 Regions/Volumes of Interest.- 4.10.2 Partial Volume Correction.- 4.10.3 Statistical Models for Quantitative Data.- 4.10.4 Parametric Imaging.- 4.10.5 Statistical Parametric Mapping.- 4.10.6 Lesion Detection and Pattern Recognition.- References.