MXenes

Editor Biographies xv List of Contributors xix Preface xxvii Acknowledgment xxix 1 Introduction to MXenes a Next-generation 2D Material 1 Kshitij RB Singh, Sushma Thapa, Jay Singh, Shyam S. Pandey, and Ravindra Pratap Singh 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Properties 3 1.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of MXenes 5 1.4 Characterization of MXenes 7 1.5 Application of MXenes 8 1.6 Current Scenario, Risk Assessment, and Challenges 13 1.7 Conclusion and Prospects 14 2 Structure, Composition, and Functionalization of MXenes 23 Praveen Kumar, Ramakshi Rana, Arun Kumar, Pooja Rawat, and Jong Soo Rhyee 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 MXenes Composition 25 2.3 Structural Analysis Regarding MXenes 29 2.4 Structure Functionalization of MXene 35 2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 40 3 Synthesis of MXenes 45 Manish Kumar Dixit and Mrigendra Dubey 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Fabrication of MXene 45 3.3 Conclusion 61 4 Physicochemical and Biological Properties of MXenes 65 Neakanshika Chadha, Aman Sahu, Kshitij RB Singh, and Jay Singh 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Structure and Synthesis of MXenes 66 4.3 Properties of MXenes 69 4.4 Conclusion and future Perspectives 76 5 Processing and Characterization of MXenes and Their Nanocomposites 85 Suji Mary Zachariah, Yves Grohens, and Sabu Thomas 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Processing Techniques 86 5.3 Characterization Techniques 91 5.4 Conclusion 94 6 Progressive Approach Toward MXenes Hydrogel 99 Abbas Mohammadi, Ghazal Amini, and Saman Abrishamkar 6.1 Hydrogels 99 6.2 MXene-Based Hydrogels 101 6.3 Conclusions 111 7 Comparison of MXenes with Other 2D Materials 117 Yoshiyuki Sato, Daisuke Nakane, and Takashiro Akitsu 7.1 Introduction of MXenes 117 7.2 MXenes vs. Carbon Materials 120 7.3 MXenes vs. 2D-chalcogenide/Carbide/Nitride 120 7.4 MXenes vs. 2D Metal--Organic Frameworks 122 7.5 Summary 124 8 Newly Emerging 2D MXenes for Hydrogen Storage 129 Sneha Lavate, Sankhula Lokesh, and Rohit Srivastava 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Structural Properties of MXene 132 8.3 Synthesis Techniques 132 8.4 H2 Storage Reaction Mechanisms 133 8.5 Factors Influencing H2 Storage 138 8.6 Recent Advances in MXene-Based Compounds for H2 Storage 138 8.7 Conclusions 145 8.8 Future Perspectives and Challenges 145 9 MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications 153 Samaneh Shahsavarifar, Hamidreza Parsimehr, and Amir Ershad-Langroudi 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Two-dimensional MXenes Structure 154 9.3 MXenes’ Characteristics 155 9.4 MXenes as a Source of Energy Storage 157 9.5 Supercapacitor Systems of MXene and Hybrid 160 9.6 Prospects 163 9.7 Conclusion 164 10 MXenes-based Biosensors 171 Sushma Thapa, Kshitij RB Singh, Arunadevi Natarajan, Rout George Kerry, Jay Singh, Shyam S. Pandey, and Ravindra Pratap Singh 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Biosensing Application 172 10.3 Challenges and Limitations 180 10.4 Conclusion and Prospects 181 11 Advances in Ti3C2 MXene and Its Composites for the Adsorption Process and Photocatalytic Applications 189 Channe Gowda Sushma, Bangalore Nanjundappa Nagalaxmi, Raghavachari Kavitha, and Shivashankar Girish Kumar 11.1 Introduction 189 11.2 Ti3C2 as Adsorbent for the Metal Ions 190 11.3 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism of Organic Pollutants via Ti3C2 MXene and Its Derivatives 195 11.4 Ternary Heterostructures based on the Ti3C2 204 11.5 Gap Analysis 209 11.6 Conclusion 209 12 MXenes and its Hybrid Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing Applications in Breath Analysis 217 Sampada Koirala, Mahek Sadiq, and Danling Wang 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 Discussion 220 12.3 Conclusion 225 13 MXenes for Catalysis and Electrocatalysis 231 Abel Inobeme, John Tsado Mathew, Alexander Ikechukwu Ajai, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abdullahi Mann, John Olusanya Jacob, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Stanley Osita Okonkwo, Gregory Edema, Efosa John Osarenren, Esther Bernard, Evbuomwan L., and Tedunjaiye O.H. 13.1 Introduction 231 13.2 Application of MXene for Catalytic Processes 233 13.4 Conclusion and Future Trend 237 14 MXene and Its Hybrid Materials for Photothermal Therapy 241 Chansi, Karan Hadwani, and Tinku Basu 14.1 Introduction 241 14.2 Photothermal Conversion 242 14.3 Optical and Thermal Properties of MXenes 249 14.4 Photothermal Conversion Mechanism of MXenes 250 14.5 Applications of MXenes in Photothermal Therapy 252 14.6 Conclusion 261 15 MXenes and Its Composites for Biomedical Applications 269 Aykut Arif Topcu, Seckin Kilic, and Adil Denizli 15.1 Introduction 269 15.2 Various Biomedical Applications of MXenes 272 15.3 Conclusion 282 16 MXenes for Point of Care Devices (POC) 287 Fulden Ulucan-Karnak, Sachin Mishra, Sukirti Tiwari, and CansuIlke Kuru 16.1 Introduction 287 16.2 Characteristics of MXenes on Biosensing 288 16.3 Point-of-Care Diagnosing COVID-19: Methods Used to Date 290 16.4 Applications of MXenes as PoCs 292 16.5 Current Challenges and Future Outlook 294 16.6 Conclusion 294 17 MXenes and Their Hybrids for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications 301 Kadavil Subhash Lakshmy, Ananthu Prasad, Anandu M. Nair, Suji Mary Zachariah, Yves Grohens, and Sabu Thomas 17.1 Introduction 301 17.2 Properties of MXenes 302 17.3 Various MXene Hybrids For EMI-Hielding 303 17.4 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer-based 313 17.5 Graphene-based 314 17.6 Conclusion 316 18 Technological Aspects in the Development of MXenes and Its Hybrid Nanocomposites: Current Challenges and Prospects 323 Sujeet K. Mishra and Devendra Kumar 18.1 Introduction 323 18.2 Progressive Approach Towards MXene Composites and Hybrids 324 18.3 Technological Progress of MXene and Its Hybrids for Biomedical Sector 329 18.4 Technological Progress of MXene and Its Hybrids for Energy Sector 331 18.5 Technological Progress of MXene and Its Hybrids for Environment Sector 333 18.6 Technological Challenges and Outlook 335 References 337 Index 343