Mitigating Bias in Machine Learning

1 Beyond Algorithmic Bias 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Beyond Ethics in AI 1.3 What Is Algorithmic Justice? 1.4 Definitions of Algorithmic Fairness 1.5 Fairness Metrics 1.6 Methods for Fair Machine Learning 1.7 Tools to Help Detect and Mitigate Bias in Machine Learning Models 1.8 Best Practices to Build a Fairer Application 1.9 Chapter Summary 2 Going Beyond the Technical: Exploring Ethical and Societal Implications of Machine Learning 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Programming Approaches 2.3 Societal and Cultural Implications of Algorithms 2.4 Ethical Implications of Algorithms 2.5 Approaches to Mitigate Algorithmic Bias 2.6 Speak Up: Communicating Ideas with Digital Storytelling 2.7 Chapter Summary 3 Social Media and Health Information Dissemination 3.1 Introduction 3.2 MyHealthImpactNetwork: For Students by Students 3.3 Results of Data Inferential Analysis 3.4 Chapter Summary 4 Comparative Case Study of Fairness Toolkits 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Bias 4.3 Fairness 4.4 Applying Responsible AI 4.5 Results 4.6 What Are the Limitations of These Toolkits? 4.7 Chapter Summary 5 Bias Mitigation in Hate Speech Detection 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Bias in Hate Speech Detection Systems 5.4 Bias Mitigation in Hate Speech Detection Using Transfer Learning 5.5 Bias Mitigation in Hate Speech Detection Using Transfer Learning 5.6 Adversarial Methods for Bias Reduction in Hate Speech Detection 5.7 Benefits and Pitfalls 5.8 Other Methods 5.9 Hands-on Exercise 5.10 Chapter Summary 6 Unveiling Unintended Systematic Biases in Natural Language Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Unfairness and Bias in NLP Applications 6.3 Bias Taxonomy 6.4 Mitigating NLP Bias and Unfairness 6.5 Chapter Summary 7 Combating Bias in Large Language Models 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Vectorization of Stochastic Parrots 7.3 Natural Language Processing: Linear Decision Making for Nonlinear Language 7.4 Stage One: Data Collection 7.5 Stage Two: Fight Bad Math with Better Math 7.6 Stage Three: Model Constraints/Operations 7.7 Chapter Summary 8 Recognizing Bias in Medical Machine Learning and AI Models 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Defining Machine Learning 8.3 Building a Simple Machine Learning Model: Use Case 8.4 Health Care Bias and Inequities: Use Case 8.5 Chapter Summary 9 Toward Rectification of Machine Learning Bias in Health Care 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Case Study: Mitigating Bias in ML for Melanoma 9.3 Defining Types of Biases and Mitigation Techniques in ML Life Cycles 9.4 Machine Learning Fairness 9.5 Chapter Summary 10 Applying the Wells-DuBois Protocol for Achieving Systemic Equity in Socioecological Systems 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Equity Framework and Tool Application 10.3 Clustering Overview and Application 10.4 Applying the Wells-DuBois Protocol 10.5 Discussion and Future Directions 10.6 Chapter Summary 11 Community Engagement for Machine Learning 11.1 Introduction: Principles and Components of Community Engagement 11.2 Project Initiation: Steps of Conducting Community-Driven Environmental Data Science 11.3 How to Engage Communities in the Process: Case Study of the Mobile Lead Testing Unit Project in Newark, New Jersey 11.4 Chapter Summary