Mechanically Interlocked Materials

Preface ix 1 Force-Promoted Transformations in Mechanically Linked Molecules 1 James Ormson, Anne-Sophie Duwez, and Guillaume De Bo 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 SMFS in the Study of Non-covalent Interactions 2 1.2.1 Rotaxanes 2 1.2.2 Poly-(pseudo)rotaxanes 8 1.2.3 Catenanes 9 1.3 Strength of Mechanical Bonds 12 1.3.1 Polymers Containing a Rotaxane 12 1.3.2 Polymers Containing a Catenane 16 1.4 Changes in Optical Properties - Reversible and Irreversible Changes of Optical Properties by Movement of Macrocycle in a Rotaxane 18 1.5 Conclusions 23 2 Colloidal Nanomaterials with Mechanically Interlocked Parts 29 Euan R. Kay 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Installing and Actuating Mechanically Interlocked Molecular Architectures at Colloidal Nanoparticle Surfaces 31 2.3 Modulating Nanoparticle Physicochemical Properties Using Switchable Mechanically Interlocked Architectures 40 2.4 Interlocked Gates for Nanoparticle Pores: From Cargo Release to Nanoscale Communication 43 2.4.1 Optimizing Mechanisms for Cargo Release 46 2.4.2 Autonomous Drug Delivery Triggered By Endogenous Conditions 50 2.4.3 Cargo Release Using Tissue-Penetrating External Triggers 52 2.4.4 Nanoscale Communication Between Responsive Nanoparticles 55 2.5 Mechanically Interlocked Molecular Links for Nanoparticle Assemblies 60 2.5.1 Pseudorotaxane-linked Nanoparticle Assembly-Disassembly 60 2.5.2 Fully Interlocked Molecular Links for Nanoparticle Assemblies 68 2.6 From Switches to Motors and Beyond: The Future of Colloidal Nanomaterials with Mechanically Interlocked Parts 70 3 Mechanically Interlocked Nanotubes 83 Alejandro López-Moreno and Emilio M. Pérez 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 84 3.3 MINTs: Clipping Strategy 85 3.4 Other Strategies for the Preparation of MINTs 88 3.5 Application of MINTs 94 3.6 Conclusions 98 4 Concepts of Molecular Motors in Solution and on Surfaces 105 Monika Schied 4.1 Light-driven Overcrowded Alkenes 108 4.1.1 General Concept and Development 110 4.1.2 Applications 112 4.1.2.1 Molecular Motors in Liquid Crystals 113 4.1.2.2 Self-assembly of Molecular Motors 114 4.1.2.3 Macroscopic Contraction of Gels 115 4.1.2.4 Cancer Treatment 116 4.2 Molecular Motors Based on Catenanes 117 4.3 Other Concepts of Molecular Motors 121 4.4 Computationally Designed Light-driven Molecular Motors 126 4.5 Molecular Motors on Surfaces 126 4.5.1 Tethering of Molecular Motors 126 4.5.1.1 TunableWettability of Surfaces 128 4.5.2 Molecular Motors on Surfaces Without Tethers 129 4.5.3 Unidirectional Motion on Surfaces 130 4.6 Conclusions and Outlook 138 5 MIMs in MOFs: Designing Mechanically Interlocked Molecules to Function Inside Metal-Organic Frameworks 147 Benjamin H. Wilson and Stephen J. Loeb 5.1 Introduction 147 Contents vii 5.2 Coordination Polymers Using [2]Pseudorotaxanes as Linkers 148 5.3 Robust Dynamics 150 5.4 Techniques for Elucidating Dynamic Behavior in the Solid State 150 5.5 Rotational Motion of a MIM Wheel: UWDM-1, a Case Study 152 5.6 Translational Motion of a MIM Wheel: UWDM-4, a Case Study 154 5.7 MIM Linker Design Strategies 156 5.8 Controlling Dynamics and Switching of MIMs in MOFs 162 5.9 MIMs to Construct Poly-Threaded MOF Lattices 166 5.10 Applications and Future Perspectives 167 References 169 6 Mechanically Interlocked Proteins 177 Yu-Xiang Wang, Wen-Hao Wu, and Wen-Bin Zhang 6.1 Introduction 177 6.2 Classification of Mechanically Interlocked Proteins 178 6.3 Making Mechanically Interlocked Proteins 180 6.4 Biological Significance of Natural MIPs 183 6.5 Cultivating Mechanically Interlocked Proteins 185 6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 187 Acknowledgments 188 References 188 7 Recent Advances on Catenanes and Rotaxanes Made of DNA 195 Yinzhou Ma, Ze Yu, and Julián Valero 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 DNA Catenanes 196 7.3 DNA Rotaxanes 203 7.4 Conclusions and Outlook 212 8 Oligo- and Poly-catenanes from Molecular and Supramolecular Building Blocks 217 Sougata Datta, Atsushi Isobe, and Shiki Yagai 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 [n]Molecular Necklaces by Cyclization of Polypseudorotaxanes 219 8.3 Main Chain Polycatenanes Composed of Covalent Macocyclic Building Block 226 8.4 Main Chain Nano-polycatenanes Composed of Non-covalent Building Block 228 8.5 Polycatenanes Composed of Metal-Organic Coordination Cages 231 8.6 Poly[2]catenane 235 8.7 Summary and Outlook 243 9 Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Mechanically Interlocked Polymers 249 Leonie Braks and Ali Coskun 9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 Synthesis and Physical Properties of Polyrotaxanes 251 9.2.1 Synthetic Strategies Towards Main-Chain Polyrotaxanes 252 9.2.2 Structural Diversity of Polyrotaxanes 253 9.2.3 Cyclodextrin-Poly(ethylene glycol) Main-Chain Polyrotaxanes 255 9.2.4 Polyrotaxane Networks 257 9.2.5 Insulated MolecularWires 260 9.3 Applications 262 9.3.1 Composite Materials 262 9.3.2 Biomedical Applications 263 9.3.3 Molecular Electronics 265 9.3.4 Molecular Machines 267 9.3.5 Batteries 268 9.4 Conclusion and Outlook 270 References 272 Index 279