DR ILKKA SYVÄNNE gained his doctorate in history in 2004 from the University of Tampere in his native Finland. Since then he has written extensively about ancient and medieval warfare and his publications include: _The Age of Hippotoxotai, Art of War in Roman Military Revival and Disaster 491-636_ (Tampere UP 2004), the multi-volume _Military History of Late Rome_ published by Pen & Sword, the critically acclaimed _Caracalla: A Military Biography_ and many other imperial biographies, the most recent of which is _Emperor Septimius Severus, The Roman Hannibal,_ also published by Pen & Sword. He was Vice Chairman of the Finnish Society for Byzantine Studies from 2007 until 2016\. He was appointed as an Affiliated Professor of the University of Haifa in 2016\. He lives in Kangasala, Finland.