Jacaranda Chemistry 1 VCE Units 1 and 2, learnON and Print

About This Resource ix Acknowledgements .xvi Unit 1 How Can the Diversity of Materials Be Explained? 1 Area of Study 1 How Do the Chemical Structures of Materials Explain Their Properties and Reactions? 1 Elements and the periodic table 3 1.1 Overview 4 1.2 Elements 5 1.3 Electrons 12 1.4 The periodic table 25 1.5 Trends in the periodic table 32 1.6 Critical elements 43 1.7 Review 53 2 Covalent substances 59 2.1 Overview 60 2.2 Representing molecules 61 2.3 Shapes of molecules 73 2.4 Comparing intramolecular bonding and intermolecular forces 86 2.5 Physical properties of molecular substances 95 2.6 Structure and bonding of diamond and graphite 99 2.7 Review 107 3 Reactions of metals 113 3.1 Overview 114 3.2 Properties of metals 115 3.3 Reactivity of metals 121 3.4 Recycling metals 129 3.5 Review 139 4 Reactions of ionic compounds 145 4.1 Overview 146 4.2 Structure and properties of ionic substances 147 4.3 Formation of ionic compounds 157 4.4 Precipitation reactions 165 4.5 A review of bonding 176 4.6 Review 182 5 Separation and identification of the components of mixtures 187 5.1 Overview 188 5.2 Solutions, solvents and chromatography 189 5.3 Review 207 Area of Study 1 Review 215 Practice examination 215 Practice school-assessed coursework 222 6 Quantifying atoms and compounds 225 6.1 Overview 226 6.2 Relative isotopic mass and the carbon-12 scale 227 6.3 Avogadro’s constant and the mole 236 6.4 Using the mole concept 245 6.5 Review 253 7 Families of organic compounds 259 7.1 Overview 260 7.2 Hydrocarbon families 261 7.3 Naming organic compounds and isomers 275 7.4 Functional groups — alcohols and carboxylic acids 283 7.5 Sources and uses of organic chemicals 295 7.6 Review 302 8 Polymers and society 309 8.1 Overview 310 8.2 Polymers 311 8.3 Linear and cross-linked polymers 320 8.4 Polymer selection 326 8.5 Plastic recycling and innovations in design 337 8.6 Review 348 Area of Study 2 Review 355 Practice examination 355 Practice school-assessed coursework 361 Area of Study 3 How Can Chemical Principles Be Applied to Create a More Sustainable Future? 9 Research investigations 9.1 Overview 9.2 Investigating how chemistry can create a more sustainable future 9.3 Scientific evidence, and analysing and evaluating sources 9.4 Models and theories to understand observed phenomena 9.5 Effective science communication 9.6 Review Unit 2 How Do Chemical Reactions Shape the Natural World? 367 Area of Study 1 How Do Chemicals Interact with Water? 10 Water as a unique chemical 369 10.1 Overview 370 10.2 Water on Earth 371 10.3 Properties of water 380 10.4 Heat capacity and latent heat 388 10.5 Review 398 11 Acid–base (proton transfer) reactions 405 11.1 Overview 406 11.2 Acids and bases 407 11.3 Concentration and strength of acids and bases 415 11.4 The pH scale 420 11.5 Measuring pH 431 11.6 Neutralisation reactions to produce salts 443 11.7 Applications of acid–base reactions in society 452 11.8 Review 456 12 Redox (electron transfer) reactions 463 12.1 Overview 464 12.2 Redox reactions 465 12.3 EXTENSION: Oxidation numbers 475 12.4 Reactivity series of metals 481 12.5 Applications of redox reactions 486 12.6 Review 498 Area of Study 1 Review 505 Practice examination 505 Practice school-assessed coursework 511 Area of Study 2 How Are Chemicals Measured and Analysed? 13 Measuring solubility and concentration 513 13.1 Overview 514 13.2 Measuring solution concentration 515 13.3 Factors that influence solubility 526 13.4 Solubility graphs 536 13.5 Review 550 14 Analysis for acids and bases 557 14.1 Overview 558 14.2 Solution stoichiometry (volume–volume stoichiometry) 559 14.3 Acid–base titrations 568 14.4 Review 581 15 Measuring gases 587 15.1 Overview 588 15.2 Gases and the enhanced greenhouse effect 589 15.3 Gases at standard laboratory conditions (SLC) 595 15.4 Calculations using the ideal gas equation and stoichiometry 603 15.5 Review 610 16 Analysis for salts 615 16.1 Overview 616 16.2 The sources of salts in soil and water 617 16.3 Quantitative analysis of salts — stoichiometry and molar ratios 624 16.4 Quantitative analysis of salts — colorimetry and UV-visible spectroscopy 642 16.5 Review 652 Area of Study 2 Review 659 Practice examination 659 Practice school-assessed coursework 667 Area of Study 3 How Do Quantitative Scientific Investigations Develop Our Understanding of Chemical Reactions? 17 Scientific investigations 17.1 Overview 17.2 Key science skills and concepts in chemistry 17.3 Characteristics of scientific methodology and primary data generation 17.4 Health, safety and ethical guidelines 17.5 Quality of data and measurements 17.6 Ways of organising, analysing and evaluating primary data 17.7 Challenging scientific models and theories 17.8 The limitations of investigation methodology and conclusions 17.9 Options related to analysing substances in water, acid–base or redox reactions, and production of gases 17.10 Presenting findings using scientific conventions 17.11 Review Answers 671 Glossary 733 Index 745 Periodic table of the elements 752