Introduction to Sociological Theory

List of Boxed Features xi List of Analytical Photos xiv Acknowledgments xviii How to Use This Book xix About the Companion Website xxi Introduction – Sociological Theory: A Vibrant, Living Tradition 1 Analyzing Everyday Social Life: Starbucks 4 Societal Transformation and the Origins of Sociology 12 The Establishment of Sociology as Science: Auguste Comte and Harriet Martineau 17 Social Inequality and Contextual Standpoints: Du Bois, De Tocqueville, and Martineau 23 Summary 29 Points to Remember 29 Glossary 30 Questions for Review 31 Note 31 References 32 1 Karl Marx (1818–1883) 34 Expansion of Capitalism 37 Capitalism as Structured Inequality 39 Marx’s Theory of History 40 Dialectical Materialism 41 Communism 43 The Millennium’s Greatest Thinker 44 Human Nature 44 Material and Social Existence Intertwined 45 Capitalism as a Distinctive Social Form 46 The Division of Labor and Alienation 57 Economic Inequality 64 Ideology and Power 68 Summary 76 Points to Remember 76 Glossary 77 Questions for Review 79 Notes 79 References 80 2 Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) 82 Durkheim’s Methodological Rules 85 The Nature of Society 91 Societal Transformation and Social Cohesion 96 Traditional Society 97 Modern Society 99 Social Conditions of Suicide 106 Religion and the Sacred 116 Summary 123 Points to Remember 123 Glossary 124 Questions for Review 125 Notes 126 References 126 3 Max Weber (1864–1920) 129 Sociology: Understanding Social Action 133 Culture and Economic Activity 133 Ideal Types 140 Social Action 141 Power, Authority, and Domination 149 Social Stratification 159 Modernity and Competing Values 163 Summary 166 Points to Remember 166 Glossary 168 Questions for Review 169 Notes 169 References 170 4 American Classics: The Chicago School, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton 172 The Chicago School of Sociology 173 Talcott Parsons 176 The Social System 177 Socialization and Societal Integration 180 Social Change and the Secularization of Protestantism 182 Pattern Variables 183 Modernization Theory 188 Stratification and Inequality 190 Robert Merton 193 Neofunctionalism 198 Summary 200 Points to Remember 200 Glossary: Chicago School 201 Glossary: Parsons 202 Glossary: Merton 203 Glossary: Luhmann 203 Glossary: Alexander 204 Questions for Review 204 Note 204 References 204 5 Critical Theory: Technology, Culture, and Politics 207 The Societal Critique of Horkheimer, Adorno, and Marcuse 212 Dialectic of Enlightenment 216 Mass Culture and Consumption 223 Politics: Uniformity and Control 234 Jürgen Habermas: The State and the Public Sphere 239 Summary 245 Points to Remember 245 Glossary 246 Questions for Review 248 References 249 6 Conflict, Power, and Dependency in Macro-Societal Processes 251 Ralf Dahrendorf ’s Theory of Group Conflict 252 C. Wright Mills: Class and Power 258 Dependency Theory: Gunder Frank’s and Cardoso’s Neo-Marxist Critiques of Economic Development 264 Summary 270 Points to Remember 270 Glossary 271 Questions for Review 272 References 272 7 Exchange, Exchange Network, and Rational Choice Theories 274 Exchange Theory: George Homans and Peter Blau 275 Exchange Network Theory: Richard Emerson, Karen Cook, Mark Granovetter 282 Rational Choice Theory (RCT) and Its Critique: James Coleman, Gary Becker, Paula England 287 Analytical Marxism 293 Summary 295 Points to Remember 295 Glossary: Exchange Theory 296 Glossary: Exchange Network Theory 296 Glossary: Rational Choice Theory 297 Glossary: Analytical Marxism 297 Questions for Review 297 Note 298 References 298 8 Symbolic Interactionism 301 Development of the Self Through Social Interaction: G. H. Mead and C. H. Cooley 302 The Premises of Symbolic Interactionism: Herbert Blumer 308 Erving Goffman: Society as Ritualized Social Interaction 309 Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnographic Research 324 Summary 324 Points to Remember 325 Glossary 326 Questions for Review 328 Note 328 References 328 9 Phenomenology and Ethnomethodology 331 Phenomenology: Alfred Schutz, Peter Berger, and Thomas Luckmann 332 Ethnomethodology: Harold Garfinkel 344 Gender as an Accomplished Reality: Candace West and Don Zimmerman 348 Summary 352 Points to Remember 353 Glossary: Phenomenology 354 Glossary: Ethnomethodology 354 Questions for Review 355 References 355 10 Feminist Theories 357 Consciousness of Women’s Inequality: Charlotte Perkins Gilman 361 Standpoint Theory: Dorothy Smith and the Relations of Ruling 364 Masculinities: R.W. Connell 376 Patricia Hill Collins: Black Women’s Standpoint 378 Sociology of Emotion 388 Arlie Hochschild: Emotional Labor 389 Summary 396 Points to Remember 397 Glossary 398 Questions for Review 399 Notes 400 References 400 11 Sex, Bodies, Truth, Power: Michel Foucault, Steven Seidman, and Queer Theory 403 Disciplining the Body 404 Sex and Queer Theory 415 Summary 426 Points to Remember 426 Glossary 427 Questions for Review 428 References 428 12 Postcolonial Theories and Race 430 The Color Line 433 Slavery and Racial Otherness: Edward Said, Frantz Fanon 434 Colonialism: The Creation of Otherness 436 The Phenomenology of Otherness 439 New Directions in the Sociology of Colonialism: R. W. Connell 440 Southern Theory 441 Race and Racism 442 Cultural Histories and Postcolonial Identities: Stuart Hall 445 Construing Whiteness 448 Race and Class: William J. Wilson, Cornell West 449 Scarring of Black America 451 Racial Politics and Democracy 451 Culture and the New Racism: Paul Gilroy 455 New Racism 456 Summary 459 Points to Remember 459 Glossary 460 Questions for Review 461 References 462 13 Pierre Bourdieu: Class, Culture, and the Social Reproduction of Inequality 465 Social Stratification 467 Family and School in the Production of Cultural Capital 472 Taste and Everyday Practices 476 Summary 486 Points to Remember 487 Glossary 487 Questions for Review 488 References 488 14 Economic and Political Globalization: Wallerstein, Sklair, Giddens, Sassen, Bauman, Castells 491 What is Globalization? 497 Economic Globalization 498 Immanuel Wallerstein: The Modern World-System 499 Contemporary Globalizing Economic Processes 505 Globalizing Political Processes: The Changing Authority of the Nation-State 513 Summary 526 Points to Remember 527 Glossary: Wallerstein 528 Glossary: Other Relevant Concepts 528 Questions for Review 529 Notes 530 References 530 15 Modernities, Risk, Cosmopolitanism, and Posthumanism 533 Jürgen Habermas: Contrite Modernity 534 S.N. Eisenstadt: Multiple Modernities 536 Ulrich Beck: Global Risk Society 542 Anthony Giddens: Dilemmas of the Self Amidst Uncertainty 545 Cosmopolitan Modernity 547 The Global Expansion of Human Rights 549 Posthumanism 554 Summary 561 Points to Remember 561 Glossary 562 Questions for Review 563 References 564 Glossary 567 Sociological Theorists and Select Key Writings 588 Index 592