Intracellular Thermometry with Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers

Preface ix 1 Temperature for Living Things 1 1.1 Temperature of Individuals 2 1.2 Responses to Temperature Variation at the Cellular Level 11 1.3 Significance of Intracellular Thermometry 13 References 14 2 Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers 17 2.1 The Basics of Fluorescence 18 2.2 Responses of Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers 19 2.3 Small Organic Molecules Involving Intersystem Crossing 21 2.4 Small Organic Molecules with a Rotating Substituent Group 25 2.5 Reactive Small Organic Molecules 36 2.6 Viscosity-Sensitive Small Organic Molecules 38 2.7 Other Small Organic Molecules 39 2.8 Organometallic Complexes 41 2.9 Excimers and Exciplexes 49 2.10 Host–guest Interactions 54 2.11 Synthetic Polymers 57 2.12 Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) 76 2.13 Peptides 79 2.14 Fluorescent Proteins 79 2.15 Non-covalent Systems Based on Thermo-responsive Self-assembly and an Environment-sensitive Fluorophore 81 2.16 Inorganic Nanomaterials 84 2.17 Hybrid Nanomaterials 95 References 97 3 Intracellular Thermometry with Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers 109 3.1 Early Attempts for Cellular Thermometry 109 3.2 Introduction of Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers into a Living Cell 112 3.3 Cytotoxicity Assessment 121 3.4 Practice of Intracellular Thermometry with Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers 126 3.5 Intracellular Thermometry with Organelle-targeted Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers 146 3.6 Intracellular Thermometry of Brown Adipocytes 156 3.7 Application of Intracellular Thermometry in Various Biological Fields 163 References 175 4 Cellular Thermometry Based on Non-fluorometric Principles 183 4.1 Infrared Thermometry 185 4.2 Photoacoustic Thermometry 186 4.3 Raman Thermometry 188 4.4 Use of Transmission Spectroscopy 191 4.5 Thermocouple 193 4.6 Resonant Thermal Sensor 197 4.7 Bimaterial Microcantilever 199 4.8 Thermistor 200 References 202 5 Reliability Issue in Intracellular Thermometry 205 5.1 Sensitivity and Temperature Resolution 205 5.2 Functional Independency of Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers 208 5.3 Preparation of a Calibration Curve of Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers 212 5.4 Objection to Endogenous Thermogenesis 215 5.5 Possible Artifacts in Near-infrared Luminescent Thermometry and Proposal for Reliable Thermometry 233 References 236 6 Applications of Intracellular Thermometry 241 6.1 Creation of New Biological Concepts 241 6.2 In vivo Temperature Measurements 242 6.3 Thermal Medicine at a Single-cell Level 250 6.4 Utilization of Nanoheater/Fluorescent Thermometer Hybrids in Biotechnology 258 6.5 Accurate Measurements of Absolute Intracellular Temperature 262 6.6 Simultaneous Monitoring of Intracellular Temperature and the Concentration of a Chemical Species Related to a Temperature Variation Inside a Living Cell 263 6.7 Intracellular Thermometry of Plant Cells 266 References 268 Appendix 1 Review and Feature Articles on Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers and Intracellular Thermometry in General 273 Appendix 2 Comprehensive Collection of Fluorescent Polymeric Thermometers Based on the Combination of a Thermo responsive Polymer and an Environment-sensitive Fluorophore 275 Appendix 3 Comprehensive Collection of Fluorescent Nanogel Thermometers Based on the Combination of a Thermo-responsive Polymer and an Environment-sensitive Fluorophore 295 Appendix 4 Comprehensive Collection of Non-covalent Fluorescent Temperature Sensing Systems Based on the Combination of a Thermo-responsive Polymer and an Environment-sensitive Fluorescent Compound 301 Appendix 5 Comprehensive Collection of Fluorescent Polymeric Logic Gates Based on the Combination of a Thermo-responsive Polymer and an Environment-sensitive Fluorophore 307 Appendix 6 Solid Inorganic Nanostructures Showing Temperature dependent Emission Properties 321 Appendix 7 Tips for Intracellular Thermometry with Fluorescent Polymeric Thermometers Developed in the Author’s Laboratory 323 Index 325