Scramjet Propulsion Explore the cutting edge of HAP technologies with this comprehensive resource from an international leader in her field
Scramjet Propulsion: A Practical Introduction delivers a comprehensive treatment of hypersonic air breathing propulsion and its applications. The book covers the most up-to-date hypersonic technologies, like endothermic fuels, fuel injection and flameholding systems, high temperature materials, and TPS, and offers technological overviews of hypersonic flight platforms like the X-43A, X-51A, and HiFIRE. It is organized around easy-to-understand explanations of technical challenges and provides extensive references for the information contained within.
The highly accomplished author provides readers with a fulsome description of the theoretical underpinnings of hypersonic technologies, as well as critical design and technology issues affecting hypersonic air breathing propulsion technologies. The book’s combination of introductory theory and advanced instruction about individual hypersonic engine components is ideal for students and practitioners in fields as diverse as hypersonic vehicle and propulsion development for missile defense technologies, launch aerospaceplanes, and civilian transports. Over 250 illustrations and tables round out the material. Readers will also learn from:
A thorough introduction to hypersonic flight, hypersonic vehicle concepts, and a review of fundamental principles in hypersonic air breathing propulsion Explorations of the aerothermodynamics of scramjet engines and the design of scramjet components, as well as hypersonic air breathing propulsion combustors and fuels Analyses of dual-mode combustion phenomena, materials structures, and thermal management in hypersonic vehicles, and combined cycle propulsion An examination of CFD analysis, ground and flight testing, and simulation
Perfect for researchers and graduate students in aerospace engineering, Scramjet Propulsion: A Practical Introduction is also an indispensable addition to the libraries of engineers working on hypersonic vehicle development seeking a state-of-the-art resource in one of the most potentially disruptive areas of aerospace research today.
Preface xiii Acknowledgment xvii 1 Introduction to Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 1 1.1 Hypersonic Flow and Hypersonic Flight 3 1.2 Chemical Propulsion Systems 5 1.3 Classes of Hypersonic Vehicles 12 1.4 Scramjet Engine–Vehicle Integration 15 1.5 Chemical Propulsion Performance Comparison 17 1.6 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Historical Overview 19 1.7 Scramjet Flight Demonstration Programs 23 1.8 New Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Programs 30 1.9 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Critical Technologies 33 1.10 Critical Design Issues 36 Questions 37 References 38 2 Theoretical Background 41 2.1 Atmospheric Flight 41 2.2 Air Thermodynamic Models 50 2.3 Fundamental Equations 53 2.4 Thermodynamic Cycle of Air-Breathing Propulsion 56 2.5 Air-Breathing Propulsion Performance Measures 61 2.6 Shock Waves in Supersonic Flow 65 2.7 One-Dimensional Flow with Heat Addition 69 2.8 Closing Remarks 73 Questions 74 References 74 3 Aerothermodynamics of Vehicle-Integrated Scramjet 77 3.1 Aerothermodynamic Environment 78 3.2 Hypersonic Viscous Flow Phenomena 83 3.3 Laminar to Turbulent Transition in Hypersonic Flows 88 3.4 Hypersonic Flowfield for Propulsion-Integrated Vehicles 92 3.5 Convective Heat Transfer or Aerodynamic Heating 104 3.6 NASA X-43A Leading-Edge Flight Hardware 111 3.7 Inlet Blunt Leading-Edge Effects and Entropy Layer Swallowing 113 3.8 Inlet Shock-On-Lip Condition or Inlet Speeding 114 3.9 Shock–Boundary Layer Interactions in the Propulsion Flowpath 116 3.10 Inlet Unstart 118 3.11 Closing Remarks 119 Questions 120 References 120 4 Scramjet Inlet/Forebody and Isolator 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Engine Inlet Function and Design Requirements 123 4.3 Inlet Types 129 4.4 Inlet Compression System Performance 132 4.5 Hypersonic Inlet Designs 143 4.6 Inlet Operation: Start and Unstart 152 4.7 Inlet Aerodynamics 154 4.8 Isolator 157 Questions 161 References 161 5 Scramjet Combustor 165 5.1 Combustor Process Desired Properties 166 5.2 Combustor Entrance Conditions 167 5.3 Combustion Stoichiometry 172 5.4 Combustion Flowfield 174 5.5 Scramjet Combustor Geometry 192 5.6 Scramjet Combustor Design Issues 197 5.7 Closing Remarks 198 Questions 199 References 199 6 Fuels for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 203 6.1 Introduction 204 6.2 Endothermic Fuels 208 6.3 Heat Sink Capacity of Hydrogen and Endothermic Fuels 210 6.4 Fuel Heat Sink Requirements 212 6.5 Ignition Characteristics of Fuels 214 6.6 Mixing Characteristics of Cracked Hydrocarbon Fuels 217 6.7 Structural and Heat Transfer Considerations 218 6.8 Fuel System Integration and Control 219 6.9 Combustion Technical Challenges with Hydrocarbon Fuels 219 6.10 Impact of Fuel Selection on Hypersonic Vehicle Design 221 6.11 Fuels Research for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 223 Questions 224 References 225 7 Dual-Mode Combustion Scramjet 227 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 Phenomenological Description of Dual-Mode Scramjet 229 7.3 Heat Addition to Flow in Constant Area Duct 230 7.4 Divergent Combustor and Heat Release 231 7.5 Combustor Mode Transition Studies 236 7.6 Closing Remarks 247 Questions 247 References 248 8 Scramjet Nozzle/Aftbody 251 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Nozzle Geometric Configurations 255 8.3 Nozzle Performance Parameters 260 8.4 Nozzle Flow Losses 265 8.5 SERN Design Approach 266 8.6 Nozzle Ground Testing Issues 268 8.7 Special Topics for Further Research 270 8.8 Closing Remarks 274 Questions 275 References 275 9 Materials, Structures, and Thermal Management 279 9.1 Hypersonic Flight Mission Characteristics 280 9.2 Aerodynamic Heating 281 9.3 Hypersonic Integrated Structures 285 9.4 High-Temperature Materials Requirements and Properties 295 9.5 Selected Materials for Hypersonics 296 9.6 Examples of Vehicle Development Structure and Materials 306 9.7 Materials and Structures Technical Challenges 312 Questions 315 References 315 10 Scramjets and Combined Cycle Propulsion 319 10.1 Aerospace Propulsion 320 10.2 Combined Cycle Propulsion Concepts 322 10.3 From Takeoff to Hypersonic Cruise 324 10.4 Ideal Cycle Analysis of Turbojet and Ramjet Engines 325 10.5 Single-Stage-To-Orbit and Two-State-To-Orbit Vehicles 342 10.6 Propulsion for Spaceplanes 343 10.7 Hydrogen for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 352 10.8 Technical Challenges of Combined Cycle Propulsion 359 10.9 Closing Remarks 362 Questions 363 References 364 11 Ground Testing and Evaluation 367 11.1 Introduction 367 11.2 Airframe/Propulsion-Integrated Vehicle Design Requirements 367 11.3 Ground Testing Overview 369 11.4 Ground Testing for the NASA Hyper-X Program 376 11.5 Ground Testing for the USAF X-51A Waverider 390 11.6 ONERA Ground Testing for the European LAPCAT2 Combustor 392 11.7 Vitiated versus Clean Air Hypersonic Wind Tunnel 393 11.8 Diagnostics and Measurements for Scramjet Combustion 394 Questions 396 References 397 12 Analysis, Computational Modeling, and Simulation 401 12.1 Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Turbulence 403 12.2 Surrogate-Based Analysis and Optimization (SBAO) 414 12.3 Flowfield in Highly Integrated Hypersonic Air-breathing Vehicle 416 12.4 NASA Hyper-X Program Computational Modeling Requirements 423 12.5 Overview of Selected CFD Analysis Cases 426 12.6 Closing Remarks 432 Questions 434 References 434 13 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Flight Testing 439 13.1 Introduction 439 13.2 Flight Operational Envelope 439 13.3 Flight Test Technique Concepts 440 13.4 X-43A: Air-lifted, Rocket-boosted Approach 444 13.5 Australia/USA Flight Experiments with Sounding Rockets 449 13.6 Russia CIAM and NASA Partnership for Scramjet Flight Testing 452 13.7 Hypersonic Flight Demonstration Program (HyFly) 453 13.8 Phoenix Air-Launched Small Missile (ALSM) 454 13.9 Gun-Launched Scramjet Missile Testing 455 13.10 X-43A Flight Test Mishap 455 13.11 Closing Remarks 457 References 458 Powering the Future of Transcontinental Flight and Access to Space 461 Glossary 469 Nomenclature 485 Index 489
Dora Musielak, PhD, is Research Professor in the Physics Department at the University of Texas in Arlington, Texas, United States. She is a NASA Fellow, an AIAA Associate Fellow, and has been invited to lecture at universities in China, France, Mexico, Panama, Italy, England, Spain, and the United States.
