This state-of-the-art handbook, the third and final in a series that provides medical physicists with a comprehensive overview into the field of nuclear medicine, focuses on highlighting the production and application of radiopharmaceuticals. With this, the book also describes the chemical composition of these compounds, as well as some of the main clinical applications where radiopharmaceuticals may be used.
Following an introduction to the field of radiopharmacy, three chapters in this book are dedicated towards in-depth descriptions of common radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals used during diagnostic studies utilizing planar/Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging, in addition to during Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, and, finally, radiotherapy. These chapters are followed by those describing procedures relating to quality control and manufacturing (good manufacturing practices) also encompassing aspects such as environmental compliance. Furthermore, this volume illustrates how facilities handling these chemicals should be designed to comply with set regulations.
Like many pharmaceuticals, the development of radiopharmaceuticals relies heavily on the use of mouse models. Thus, the translation of radiopharmaceuticals (i.e., the process undertaken to assure that the functionality and safety of a newly developed drug is maintained also in a human context), is covered in a later chapter. This is followed by a chapter emphasising the importance of safe waste disposal and how to assure that these procedures meet the requirements set for the disposal of hazardous waste.
Several chapters have also been dedicated towards describing various medical procedures utilizing clinical nuclear medicine as a tool for diagnostics and therapeutics. As physicists may be involved in clinical trials, a chapter describing the procedures and regulations associated with these types of studies is included. This is followed by a chapter focusing on patient safety and another on an imaging modality not based on ionizing radiation – ultrasound. Finally, the last chapter of this book discusses future perspectives of the field of nuclear medicine.
This text will be an invaluable resource for libraries, institutions, and clinical and academic medical physicists searching for a complete account of what defines nuclear medicine.
The most comprehensive reference available providing a state-of-the-art overview of the field of nuclear medicine
Edited by a leader in the field, with contributions from a team of experienced medical physicists, chemists, engineers, scientists, and clinical medical personnel
Includes the latest practical research in the field, in addition to explaining fundamental theory and the field's history
Contents Preface................................................................................................................................................................ix Editor..................................................................................................................................................................xi Contributors.................................................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Principles behind Radiopharmacy.................................................................................................1 Thuy A. Tran and Erik Samen Chapter 2 Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics: Planar/ SPECT..............................................................13 Jim Ballinger and Jacek Koziorowski Chapter 3 Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics: PET...............................................................................27 Philip H. Elsinga Chapter 4 Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy.......................................................................39 Meltem Ocak, Emre Demirci, Jessie R. Nedrow and Rebecca Krimins Chapter 5 Design Considerations for a Radiopharmaceutical Production Facility.....................................55 Nic Gillings Chapter 6 Methods and Equipment for Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals.....................................59 Rolf Zijlma, Danique Giesen, Yvette Kruiter, Philip H. Elsinga and Gert Luurtsema Chapter 7 Environmental Compliance and Control for Radiopharmaceutical Production: Commercial Manufacturing and Extemporaneous Preparation......................................................................................71 Ching-Hung Chiu, Ya-Yao Huang, Wen-Yi Chang and Jacek Koziorowski Chapter 8 GMP – Rules and Recommendations..........................................................................................87 Oliver Neels Chapter 9 Management of Radioactive Waste in Nuclear Medicine...........................................................95 Lena Jonsson and Hanna Holstein Chapter 10 Translation of Radiopharmaceuticals: Mouse to Man..............................................................101 Pedro Fragoso Costa, Latifa Rbah-Vidal, An Aerts, Fijs W.B. van Leeuwen and Margret Schottelius Chapter 11 Radionuclide Bone Scintigraphy...............................................................................................117 Kanhaiyalal Agrawal and Gopinath Gnanasegaran vi Chapter 12 Radionuclide Examination of the Kidneys................................................................................139 Martin Šamal and Jiři Trnka Chapter 13 Neuroimaging in Nuclear Medicine..........................................................................................173 Anne Larsson Stromvall and Susanna Jakobson Mo Chapter 14 Methodology and Clinical Implementation of Ventilation/ Perfusion Tomography for Diagnosis and Follow- up of Pulmonary Embolism and Other Pulmonary Diseases – Clinical Use of Hybrid V/ P SPECT- CT.............................................................................................................189 Marika Bajc and Ari Lindqvist Chapter 15 Myocardial Perfusion Imaging..................................................................................................201 Elin Tragardh, David Minarik and Mark Lubberink Chapter 16 Infection and Inflammation.......................................................................................................213 Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen and Andor W.J.M. Glaudemans Chapter 17 Special Considerations in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine.............................................................231 Sofie Lindskov Hansen, Soren Holm, Liselotte Hojgaard and Lise Borgwardt Chapter 18 Antibody- based Radionuclide Imaging.....................................................................................243 Steffie M.B. Peters, Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen and Sandra Heskamp Chapter 19 Radionuclide- based Diagnosis and Therapy of Prostate Cancer...............................................255 Sven-Erik Strand, Mohamed Altai, Joanna Strand and David Ulmert Chapter 20 Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy for Neuroendocrine Tumours...................................305 Anna Sundlov and Katarina Sjogreen Gleisner Chapter 21 Lymphoscintigraphy.................................................................................................................313 Rimma Axelsson, Maria Holstensson and Ulrika Estenberg Chapter 22 Diagnostic Ultrasound..............................................................................................................325 Tomas Jansson Chapter 23 Clinical Trials – Purpose and Procedures................................................................................337 Anna Sundlov
Michael Ljungberg is a Professor at Medical Radiation Physics, Lund, Lund University, Sweden. He started his research in the Monte Carlo field in 1983 through a project involving a simulation of whole-body counters but later changed the focus to more general applications in nuclear medicine imaging and SPECT. Parallel to his development of the Monte Carlo code, SIMIND, he began working in 1985 with quantitative SPECT and problems related to attenuation and scatter. After earning his PhD in 1990, he received a research assistant position that allowed him to continue developing SIMIND for quantitative SPECT applications and to establish successful collaborations with international research groups. At this time, the SIMIND program became used world-wide. Dr. Ljungberg became an associate professor in 1994 and, in 2005, after working clinically as a nuclear medicine medical physicist, received a full professorship in the Science Faculty at Lund University. He became the Head of the Department of Medical Radiation Physics at Lund in 2013 and a full professor in the Medical Faculty in 2015. Aside from the development of SIMIND – including new camera systems such as CZT detectors – his research includes an extensive project in oncological nuclear medicine. In this project, he and colleagues developed dosimetry methods based on quantitative SPECT, Monte Carlo absorbed-dose calculations, and methods for accurate 3D dose planning for internal radionuclide therapy. Lately, his work has focused on implementing Monte Carlo–based image reconstruction in SIMIND. He is also involved in the undergraduate education of medical physicists and bio-medical engineers and supervises MSc and PhD students. In 2012, Professor Ljungberg became a member of the European Association of Nuclear Medicines task group on Dosimetry and served that association for six years. He has published over a hundred original papers, 18 conference proceedings, 18 books and book chapters, and 14 peer-reviewed papers.
