Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 1

VOLUME 1 PREFACE xxiii CONTRIBUTORS xxvii PART I CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 1 New and Emerging Technologies in Structural Health Monitoring 3 Merit Enckell, Jacob Egede Andersen, Branko Glisic, and Johan Silfwerbrand 1.1 Introduction, 5 1.2 Background, 6 1.3 New and Emerging Technologies, 8 1.4 Fiber-Optic Technology, 16 1.5 Acoustic Emission, 24 1.6 Radar Technology, 27 1.7 Global Positioning System, 31 1.8 Corrosion Monitoring Systems, 33 1.9 Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Systems, 35 1.10 Components of Structural Health Monitoring System, 37 1.11 Structural Health Monitoring System Design, 41 1.12 System Procurement and Installation, 44 1.13 Application of Structural Health Monitoring Systems, 47 1.14 Discussion, 67 1.15 Conclusion, 69 Acknowledgments, 70 References, 71 2 Applications of GIS in Engineering Measurements 79 Gary S. Spring 2.1 Introduction, 79 2.2 Background, 80 2.3 Basic Principles of GIS, 81 2.4 Measurement-Based GIS Applications, 96 2.5 Implementation Issues, 97 2.6 Conclusion, 100 References, 102 3 Traffic Congestion Management 105 Nagui M. Rouphail 3.1 Introduction and Background, 105 3.2 Scope of the Chapter, 106 3.3 Organization of the Chapter, 107 3.4 Fundamentals of Vehicle Emission Estimation, 107 3.5 Inventory of Traffic Congestion Management Methods, 112 3.6 Assessing Emission Impacts of Traffic Congestion Management, 119 3.7 Summary, 128 Acknowledgments, 129 References, 129 4 Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges 133 Eric V. Monzon, Ahmad M. Itani, and Gokhan Pekcan 4.1 Introduction, 133 4.2 Similitude Requirements, 134 4.3 Specimen Fabrication, 141 4.4 Input Motion, 148 4.5 Instrumentation, 150 4.6 Data Acquisition and Processing, 155 4.7 Results, 157 References, 158 5 Measurements in Environmental Engineering 159 Daniel A. Vallero 5.1 Introduction, 159 5.2 Environmental Sampling Approaches, 166 5.3 Laboratory Analysis, 169 5.4 Measurement Uncertainty, 183 5.5 Measurement Decision Making, 186 5.6 Environmental Indicators, 191 5.7 Extending Measurement Data Using Models, 199 5.8 Summary, 200 Nomenclature, 200 References, 202 6 Hydrology Measurements 205 Todd C. Rasmussen 6.1 Introduction, 206 6.2 Precipitation, 209 6.3 Evapotranspiration, 212 6.4 Surface Flow, 216 6.5 Groundwater, 219 6.6 Soil Water, 223 6.7 Water Quality, 226 Suggested Readings, 231 7 Mobile Source Emissions Testing 233 Mohan Venigalla 7.1 Testing for Regulatory Compliance, 234 References, 240 PART II MECHANICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 241 8 Dimensions, Surfaces, and their Measurement 243 Mikell P. Groover 8.1 Dimensions, Tolerances, and Related Attributes, 244 8.2 Conventional Measuring Instruments and Gages, 245 8.3 Surfaces, 254 References, 256 9 Mass Properties Measurement 259 David Tellet 9.1 Introduction, 260 9.2 Mass and Weight, 262 9.3 Measurement Methodology, 264 9.4 Weight and Mass Measurement, 274 9.5 Center of Gravity Measurement, 275 9.6 MOI Measurement, 280 9.7 POI Measurement, 284 9.8 Measuring Large Vehicles, 287 9.9 Sources of Uncertainty, 292 References, 300 10 Force Measurement 301 Patrick Collins 10.1 Introduction, 302 10.2 Force Transducers, 303 10.3 Universal Testing Machines, 306 10.4 The Strain Gauge Sensor, 307 10.5 Resonant Element Transducers, 311 10.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, 314 10.7 Dynamometers, 317 10.8 Optical Force Transducers, 317 10.9 Magneto-Elastic Transducers, 320 10.10 Force Balance Transducers, 321 10.11 Force Transducer Characteristics, 321 10.12 Calibration, 323 10.13 Conclusion, 329 Glossary of Terms, 329 References, 340 11 Resistive Strain Measurement Devices 343 Mark Tuttle 11.1 Preliminary Discussion, 343 11.2 Resistance Metal Strain Gages, 349 11.3 Semiconductor Strain Gages, 363 11.4 Liquid Metal Strain Gages, 365 References, 366 12 Vibration Measurement 367 Sheryl M. Gracewski and Nigel D. Ramoutar 12.1 Introduction, 367 12.2 One-Degree-of-Freedom System Response, 369 12.3 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems and the Frequency Response Function, 373 12.4 Vibration Measurement Equipment and Techniques, 388 12.5 Experimental Modal Analysis, 405 12.6 Applications of Vibration Measurement, 423 Nomenclature, 428 References, 431 13 Acoustical Measurements 433 Brian E. Anderson, Jonathan D. Blotter, Kent L. Gee, and Scott D. Sommerfeldt 13.1 Introduction, 434 13.2 Fundamental Measures, 436 13.3 Microphones, 445 13.4 Sound Pressure Level Measurements, 451 13.5 Measurement of Sound Isolation, 454 13.6 Room Acoustics Measurements, 457 13.7 Community and Environmental Noise, 463 13.8 Sound Intensity Measurements, 465 13.9 Sound Power Measurements, 472 13.10 Sound Exposure Measurements, 476 References, 479 14 Temperature Measurement 483 Peter R. N. Childs Summary, 484 14.1 Introduction, 484 14.2 Selection, 487 14.3 Invasive Temperature Measurement, 489 14.4 Semi-Invasive Methods, 511 14.5 Noninvasive Methods, 514 14.6 Conclusions, 519 Nomenclature, 519 References, 521 15 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 527 Richard S. Figliola and Donald E. Beasley 15.1 Pressure Concepts, 528 15.2 Pressure Reference Instruments, 530 15.3 Pressure Transducers, 536 15.4 Pressure Transducer Calibration, 543 15.5 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids, 544 15.6 Modeling Pressure and Fluid Systems, 548 15.7 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects, 548 15.8 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems, 552 Nomenclature, 563 References, 564 16 Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement 567 Gamal E. Khalil, Jim W. Crafton, Sergey D. Fonov, Marvin Sellers, and Dana Dabiri 16.1 Introduction, 567 16.2 Principles of Pressure-Sensitive Paint, 569 16.3 Pressure-Sensitive Luminescent Dyes, 571 16.4 PSP Polymer and Binder, 572 16.5 Measurement Methods, 574 16.6 Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurements, 588 Acknowledgments, 611 References, 612 17 Flow Measurement 615 Jesse Yoder 17.1 New-Technology and Traditional Technology Flowmeters, 616 17.2 Trends in Flow Measurement, 627 Further Readings, 628 18 Heat Flux Measurement 629 Thomas E. Diller 18.1 Introduction, 630 18.2 Important Issues, 631 18.3 Gages Based on Spatial Temperature Difference, 634 18.4 Gages Based on Temperature Change with Time, 643 18.5 Gages Based on Active Heating Methods, 648 18.6 Calibration and Errors, 653 References, 655 19 Heat Transfer Measurements for Nonboiling Two-Phase Flow 661 Afshin J. Ghajar and Clement C. Tang 19.1 Introduction, 661 19.2 Experimental Setup for Horizontal and Slightly Inclined Pipes, 662 19.3 Instruments for Measurement and Data Acquisition, 666 19.4 Heat Transfer Experiment Procedures, 667 19.5 Verifying the Functionality of the Experimental Setup, 670 19.6 Experimental Results of Two-Phase Flow, 673 19.7 Concluding Remarks, 682 Nomenclature, 683 References, 684 20 Solar Energy Measurements 687 Tariq Muneer and Yieng Wei Tham 20.1 Introduction, 688 20.2 Measurement Equipment, 694 20.3 Equipment Error and Uncertainty, 703 20.4 Operational Errors, 704 20.5 Diffuse Radiation Data Measurement Errors, 704 20.6 Types of Sensors and their Accuracy, 711 20.7 Modern Developments, 711 20.8 Data Quality Assessment, 714 20.9 Statistical Evaluation of Models, 716 20.10 Outlier Analysis, 722 Acknowledgments, 722 References, 723 21 Wind Energy Measurements 727 Peter Gregg 21.1 Introduction, 728 21.2 Concepts, 728 21.3 Measurements, 731 21.4 Evaluation, 739 References, 747 22 Human Movement Measurements 749 Rahman Davoodi 22.1 Introduction, 749 22.2 Characterization of Human Movement, 750 22.3 Optical Motion Capture Systems, 751 22.4 Magnetic Motion Capture Systems, 754 22.5 Inertial Motion Capture Systems, 756 22.6 Discussion, 761 Acknowledgment, 762 References, 762 23 Flow Measurement 765 Arnold A. Fontaine, Keefe B. Manning, and Steven Deutsch 23.1 Introduction, 765 23.2 Flow Measurement Applications, 768 References, 799 PART III INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 803 24 Statistical Quality Control 805 Magd E. Zohdi 24.1 Measurements and Quality Control, 805 24.2 Dimension and Tolerance, 805 24.3 Quality Control, 806 24.4 Interrelationship of Tolerances of Assembled Products, 812 24.5 Operation Characteristic (OC) Curve, 812 24.6 Control Charts for Attributes, 812 24.7 Acceptance Sampling, 815 24.8 Defense Department Acceptance Sampling by Variables, 817 Further Readings, 817 25 Evaluating and Selecting Technology-Based Projects 819 Hans J. Thamhain 25.1 Management Perspective, 819 25.2 Quantitative Approaches, 821 25.3 Qualitative Approaches, 826 25.4 Recommendations, 828 Variables and Abbreviations, 831 References, 831 26 Manufacturing Systems Evaluation 833 Walter W. Olson 26.1 Introduction, 833 26.2 Components of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, 834 26.3 Manufacturing Systems, 835 26.4 System Effects on ECM, 838 26.5 Assessment, 840 26.6 Summary, 844 References, 845 27 Measuring Performance of Chemical Process Equipment 847 Alan Cross 27.1 Introduction, 847 27.2 Direct Fired Heater Measurement and Process Control Instrumentation, 848 27.3 Crushing and Grinding Equipment Measurements, 851 References, 858 28 Industrial Energy Efficiency 859 B. Gopalakrishnan, D. P. Gupta, Y. Mardikar, and S. Chaudhari 28.1 Introduction, 860 28.2 Literature Review, 863 28.3 Data Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures, 864 28.4 Energy Efficiency Measures in Major Energy Consuming Equipment, 872 28.5 Case Studies of Development of Energy-Efficiency Measures, 879 28.6 Conclusion, 881 Acknowledgments, 881 References, 881 29 Industrial Waste Auditing 885 C. Visvanathan 29.1 Overview, 885 29.2 Waste-Minimization Programs, 886 29.3 Waste-Minimization Cycle, 888 29.4 Waste Auditing, 890 29.5 Conclusion, 909 Further Readings, 910 30 Organizational Performance Measurement 911 Jennifer A. Farris, Eileen M. Van Aken, and Geert Letens 30.1 Introduction, 911 30.2 Summary, 940 References, 940 INDEX