Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare

Acknowledgements xvii 1 Education and Training for the Personal Licence Holder 1 Introduction 1 Framework for Education and Training of Licence Holders 2 Core modules 4 Prerequisite and additional modules 4 Education and training in the UK 4 Aims of Accredited Training 4 Continuing Professional Development and Reflective Practice 5 Summary 5 References 6 2 Ethical Considerations around using Animals in Research 7 History of the Use of Animals in Research 7 The Ethics of Using Animals in Experiments 9 The Local Ethical Review Process 12 Measuring harms and benefits 12 The Principles of the Three RS 13 Replacement 13 Reduction 14 Refinement 15 Prospective, ongoing and retrospective review: reflective practice and the refinement loop 15 Public Perceptions 17 Transparency and freedom of information 18 References 18 3 The Regulatory Framework 21 Introduction to Legislation Regulating the Use of Animals in Research 21 European legislation 22 The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 22Protected animals 23 Regulated procedures 23 Exemptions 24 Licensing of places 24 The personal licence 25 Project licences 28 The Section 2C licence 30 Additional controls 32 Administration of the Act 33 Assessment of licences and inspection of premises 33 Offences and infringements 33 Communication 34 Statistics of Animal Usage 34 Other Relevant Legislation 34 References 36 4 Balancing Animal Welfare with Science 37 Welfare versus Science? 37 What is Welfare? 37 Quality of life 38 Why assess welfare? 39 Who should assess welfare? 40 How to assess welfare 40 Development of welfare assessment systems 44 Consideration of cumulative suffering 46 References 48 5 Animal Husbandry, Environmental Enrichment and Occupational Health and Safety 51 Animal Husbandry 51 Types of housing 52 Bedding and nesting materials 54 Nutrition 54 Environment 55 Handling techniques 56 Environmental Enrichment 56 Evaluation of enrichment and other refinements to housing and care 58 Evaluating the effect of a potential refinement on animals 58 Evaluating the effect of a potential refinement on science 61 Evaluating the effect of a potential refinement on animal house management 62 Supply and Transport 63 Aspects of Health, Safety and Security Affecting Animal Care 64 COSHH, CLP and REACH 65 Genetically modified organisms 66 Health and safety in animal facilities 67 Miscellaneous health and safety hazards and risks 71 Acknowledgements 74 References and Further Reading 74 6 Principles of Animal Use and Experimental Design 77 Principles of Experimental Design 77 Minimising variation 78 Selection of animals: species, strain, genetically altered animals 79 Genetic and Welfare Monitoring of GA and HM Animals 81 Background health status 82 Sources of infection 83 Health monitoring 84 Biosecurity and containment for rodents 86 References 87 7 Handling and Techniques 89 Prior Considerations 89 Training and competence of operator 89 Acclimatisation 90 Training of animals 90 Restraint of animals 90 Equipment 91 Administration of Substances 91 ADME 91 Administration volumes 93 Administration techniques 93 Legal considerations 103 Removal of Blood 104 Quality of samples 104 Technique for venipuncture 105 Methods of venipuncture in different species 108 Placement and Maintenance of Indwelling Cannulae 111 Withdrawal of blood 112 Long-term cannulation 112 Removal of cannulae 112 Potential sequelae 112 Arterial Sampling and Arterial Loops 113 Needle puncture 113 Arterial cannulae 113 Arterial loops 113 Miscellaneous Procedures 113 Creation and maintenance of fistulae 113 Administration techniques 114 Sampling 115 Antibody production 116 Equipment for Blood Collection and Administration of Substances 119 Over-the-needle cannulae 119 Evacuated blood-collection tubes 119 Butterfly needles 120 Tourniquets 120 Vasodilating agents 120 References 120 8 Humane Methods of Killing 123 Ethical Considerations in Killing Animals 123 Legal constraints 123 When to kill an animal 123 Preparation for humane killing 125 Methods of Euthanasia 127 Chemical methods of euthanasia 127 Physical methods of euthanasia 130 Other methods of euthanasia 131 Schedule 1 methods 132 References 133 9 Anaesthesia and Analgesia 137 Introduction 137 Pre-Anaesthetic Care and Evaluation 138 Acclimatisation 138 Training 138 Fasting 138 Handling 139 Health status 139 Local anaesthetics 139 Premedication 139 General Anaesthesia 142 General principles 142 Balanced anaesthesia 142 Administration of anaesthetics 143 Inhalation anaesthesia 144 Injectable anaesthesia 151 Long-term and non-recovery anaesthesia 164 Recovery and post-anaesthetic care 165 Local anaesthetics 166 Anaesthetic Management 167 Physiological stability 167 Depth of anaesthesia 170 Equipment monitoring 171 Anaesthetic Emergencies 171 Muscle Relaxation During Anaesthesia 172 Monitoring anaesthesia under neuromuscular blocking agents 173 Neuromuscular blocking agents 173 References 174 10 Introduction to Surgery and Surgical Techniques 177 Pre-Surgical Preparation 177 Animal 177 Instruments and equipment 178 Facilities 178 Personnel 178 Principles of Aseptic Technique 179 Atmosphere 180 Surgical team 180 Instruments 181 Methods of sterilisation 181 Preparation of the animal 183 Summary of Lasa Guidelines on Rodent Surgery 184 Conduct of Surgical Procedures 184 Inflammation and wound healing 184 Types of healing 185 Factors affecting healing 186 Performance of surgical procedures 187 Surgical Instruments 189 Skin incision 190 Dissection 191 Haemostasis 191 Wound closure 193 Other instruments 193 Suturing Techniques and Materials 195 Suture needles 196 Suture placement 197 Surgical knots 197 Suture patterns 198 Suture materials 201 Sizes of suture 206 Packaging 206 Summary 207 References 207 11 Small Laboratory Animals 209 Rodents 209 Dentition 209 Nutrition and digestion 210 Water 210 Behaviour 211 Senses and communication 211 Housing 211 Environment 211 Anaesthesia 212 Mouse 212 Behaviour 212 Communication 213 Feeding 214 Environment 215 Breeding 215 Growth 215 Handling 216 Pain and stress recognition 217 Common diseases and health monitoring 218 Biological data and useful reference data 218 Rat 218 Behaviour 219 Housing 219 Feeding 220 Water 220 Environment 220 Breeding 220 Growth and development 221 Handling 221 Pain and stress recognition 222 Common diseases and health monitoring 223 Biological data and useful reference data 223 Hamster 223 Behaviour 224 Housing 224 Feeding 225 Water 225 Environment 226 Breeding 226 Handling 227 Pain and stress recognition 227 Common diseases and health monitoring 227 Biological data and useful reference data 227 Gerbil 227 Behaviour 228 Housing 229 Feeding 229 Water 230 Environment 230 Breeding 230 Handling 230 Pain and stress recognition 231 Common diseases and health monitoring 231 Biological data and useful reference data 231 Guinea Pig 232 Behaviour 232 Housing 233 Feeding and water 233 Environment 234 Breeding 234 Growth 234 Handling 235 Recognition of pain and stress 235 Common diseases and health monitoring 235 Anaesthesia 236 Biological data and useful reference data 236 Rabbit 237 Behaviour 237 Housing 238 Feeding 239 Water 240 Environment 240 Breeding 241 Growth 241 Handling 242 Pain and stress recognition 242 Common diseases and health monitoring 243 Biological data and useful reference data 243 Anaesthesia in the rabbit 243 References 244 12 Carnivores 247 Dog 247 Behaviour 248 Housing 249 Feeding 249 Water 250 Environment 250 Breeding 250 Growth 251 Handling 251 Pain and stress recognition 251 Common diseases and health monitoring 253 Biological data and useful reference data 253 Anaesthesia 254 Ferret 254 Behaviour 255 Housing 255 Feeding 256 Water 257 Environment 257 Breeding 257 Growth 258 Handling 258 Pain and stress recognition 259 Common diseases and health monitoring 259 Biological data and useful reference data 260 Anaesthesia 260 References 261 13 Primates 263 Use of Primates in Research 263 New World Monkeys 263 Marmoset 264 Old World Monkeys 266 Sources, supply and transportation 266 Breeding 268 Housing 269 Feeding/watering 271 Health Monitoring, Quarantine and Common Diseases 272 Health-screening programme 273 Laboratory Procedures 274 Handling and restraint 274 Training 275 Administration of substances, blood sampling 276 Telemetry 277 Anaesthesia, analgesia and post-operative care 277 Husbandry post-surgery 277 Welfare 278 Natural behaviour 278 Assessment of welfare 279 Euthanasia 281 Record keeping 281 References 281 14 Production (Farm) Animals 287 C. J. Trower Poultry 287 Biology 288 Domestic Chicken 289 Behaviour 289 Housing 289 Feeding 290 Water 290 Environment 291 Breeding 291 Handling 292 Techniques 292 Pain and stress recognition 294 Common diseases and health monitoring 294 Biological data and useful reference data 295 Anaesthesia of chickens 296 Ruminants 296 Sheep 297 Behaviour 298 Housing 298 Feeding 299 Water 300 Environment 300 Breeding 300 Handling 301 Pain and stress recognition 302 Common diseases and health monitoring 302 Anaesthesia and surgery 304 Useful data 304 Goats 305 Behaviour 306 Housing 306 Feeding 306 Water 307 Environment 307 Breeding 307 Handling 307 Pain and stress recognition 307 Common diseases and health monitoring 308 Anaesthesia and analgesia 308 Cattle 308 Behaviour 308 Housing 309 Feeding 309 Environment 310 Breeding 310 Handling 310 Pain and stress recognition 311 Common diseases and health monitoring 311 Anaesthesia 312 Useful data 312 Pigs 312 Supply 313 Behaviour 313 Housing 313 Feeding 314 Water 315 Environment 316 Breeding 316 Growth 317 Handling 317 Pain and stress recognition 318 Common diseases and health monitoring 318 Techniques 319 Anaesthesia 319 Useful data 321 References and Further Reading 321 References 321 Further reading 321 15 Wild Animals 323 General Considerations 323 Legislation and Guidance 323 Considerations under the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 324 Project Planning 325 Catching and Trapping 325 Handling Wild Animals 326 Anaesthesia of Wild Animals 326 General considerations 326 Inhalational anaesthesia 329 Injectable anaesthesia 330 Identification of Wild Animals 333 Release of Animals Back to the Wild 334 References 335 16 Aquatic Species 337 Introduction 337 Fish 337 Sources of fish 338 General biology 338 Biological data 338 Husbandry 338 Water quality 340 Feeding 340 Handling and Techniques 340 Identification 341 Anaesthesia 342 Administration of compounds 342 Collection of samples 343 Surgery 344 Post-operative care and analgesia 344 Health and disease 345 Recognition of pain and distress 345 Euthanasia 346 Zebrafish 346 Sources of fish 346 Behaviour 347 Husbandry 347 Feeding 347 Breeding 348 Health and disease 349 Rainbow Trout 349 Feeding 349 Breeding 349 Health and disease 350 Amphibians 350 Biology and behaviour 351 Identification 352 Husbandry 352 Feeding 353 Breeding 354 Handling 355 Anaesthesia 355 Techniques 356 Surgery 356 Health and disease 356 Euthanasia 357 References 357 Glossary 359 Index 363