Handbook of Computational Sciences

Preface xv 1 A Sensor-Based Automated Irrigation System for Indian Agricultural Fields 1 I.S. Akila and Ahmed A. Elngar 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Literary Survey 2 1.3 Proposed System 4 1.3.1 System Architecture 4 1.3.2 Flow of Automated Irrigation 5 1.3.3 Interfacing Sensors 5 1.3.4 Physical Characteristics Determination Using Image Processing 8 1.3.4.1 Fractal Dimension Estimation 8 1.3.4.2 Box-Counting Method 9 1.3.4.3 Physical Parameters 9 1.4 Performance Studies 11 1.4.1 Experimental Environment 11 1.4.2 Accessing Shared Variables from NI Data Dashboard 12 1.4.2.1 Scenario 1 14 1.4.2.2 Scenario 2 14 1.4.2.3 Scenario 3 14 1.4.2.4 Scenario 4 14 1.5 Image Processing to Determine Physical Characteristics 15 1.6 Conclusion and Future Enhancements 20 1.6.1 Conclusion 20 1.6.2 Future Scope 20 References 20 2 An Enhanced Integrated Image Mining Approach to Address Macro Nutritional Deficiency Problems Limiting Maize Yield 23 Sridevy S., Anna Saro Vijendran and Ahmed A. Elngar 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Related Work 24 2.3 Motivation 26 2.4 Framework of Enhanced Integrated Image Mining Approaches to Address Macro Nutritional Deficiency Problems Limiting Maize Yield 26 2.5 Algorithm – Enhanced Integrated Image Mining Approaches to Address Macro Nutritional Deficiency Problems Limiting Maize Yield 28 2.6 Conclusion 34 References 35 3 Collaborative Filtering Skyline (CFS) for Enhanced Recommender Systems 37 Shobana G. and Ahmed A. Elngar 3.1 Introduction and Objective 38 3.1.1 Objective 39 3.2 Motivation 39 3.3 Literature Survey 40 3.4 System Analysis and Existing Systems 43 3.4.1 Drawbacks 45 3.5 Proposed System 46 3.5.1 Feasibility Study 46 3.5.2 Economic Feasibility 46 3.5.3 Operational Feasibility 47 3.5.4 Technical Feasibility 47 3.5.5 Problem Definition and Project Overview 48 3.5.6 Overview of the Project 48 3.5.7 Exact Skyline Computation 51 3.5.8 Approximate Skyline Computation 52 3.5.9 Module Description 53 3.5.9.1 Modules 53 3.5.10 Data Flow Diagram 54 3.5.10.1 External Entity (Source/Sink) 57 3.5.10.2 Process 57 3.5.10.3 Data Flow 57 3.5.10.4 Data Store 58 3.5.11 Rules Used For Constructing a DFD 58 3.5.12 Basic DFD Notation 59 3.5.13 Profiles 59 3.5.14 Uploaded My Videos 60 3.5.15 Rating My Videos 60 3.6 System Implementation 63 3.6.1 Implementation Procedures 63 3.6.1.1 User Training 64 3.6.1.2 User Manual 64 3.6.1.3 System Maintenance 64 3.6.1.4 Corrective Maintenance 65 3.6.1.5 Adaptive Maintenance 65 3.6.1.6 Perceptive Maintenance 65 3.6.1.7 Preventive Maintenance 65 3.7 Conclusion and Future Enhancements 65 3.7.1 Conclusion 65 3.7.2 Enhancements 66 References 66 4 Automatic Retinopathic Diabetic Detection: Data Analyses, Approaches and Assessment Measures Using Deep Learning 69 Rinesh S., Mahdi Ismael Omar, Thamaraiselvi K., V. Karthick and Vigneshwar Manoharan 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Related Work 72 4.3 Initial Steps and Experimental Environment 74 4.3.1 Analyzing the Principle Components 74 4.3.2 Firefly Algorithm 75 4.4 Experimental Environment 76 4.5 Data and Knowledge Sources 77 4.6 Data Preparation 78 4.7 CNN’s Integrated Design 79 4.8 Preparing Retinal Image Data 83 4.9 Performance Evaluation 85 4.10 Metrics 86 4.11 Investigation of Tests 90 4.12 Discussion 90 4.13 Results and Discussion 92 4.14 Conclusions 94 References 95 5 Design and Implementation of Smart Parking Management System Based on License Plate Detection 99 Pallavi S. Bangare, Sanjana Naik, Shashwati Behare, Akanksha Swami, Jayesh Gaikwad, Sunil L. Bangare, G. Pradeepini and Ahmed A. Elngar 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 Literature Survey 101 5.2.1 Cloud-Based Smart-Parking System Based on Internet-of-Things/Technologies 101 5.2.2 A Cloud-Based Intelligent Car Parking System 101 5.2.3 Research and Implement of the Intelligent Parking Reservation Management System Based on ZigBee Technology 102 5.2.4 Zigbee and GSM-Based Secure Vehicle Parking Management and Reservation System 102 5.2.5 Car Park Management with Networked Wireless Sensors and Active RFID 102 5.2.6 Automated Parking System with Bluetooth Access 103 5.2.7 Smart Parking: A Secure and Intelligent Parking System 103 5.3 Proposed System 103 5.3.1 Methodology 104 5.3.2 Vehicle Number Plate Recognition Technique 106 5.4 High Level Design of Proposed System 107 5.4.1 Data Flow Diagram 107 5.4.2 UML Diagrams 108 5.5 Project Requirement Specification 111 5.5.1 Software Requirements 111 5.5.2 Hardware Requirements 111 5.6 Algorithms 111 5.7 Proposed System Results 113 5.8 Conclusion 118 References 118 6 A Novel Algorithm for Stationary Analysis of the Characteristics of the Queue-Dependent Random Probability for Co-Processor-Shared Memory Using Computational Sciences 121 Nandhini Varadharajan, Vigneshwar Manoharan, Rajadurai and Ahmed A. Elngar 6.1 Introduction - Processor-Shared Service Queue with Independent Service Rate Using Probability Queuing Theory 122 6.2 The Applications of Queuing Models in Processor-Shared Memory 123 6.3 The Basic Structure of Queuing Models 123 6.4 Characteristics of Queuing System 124 6.5 The Arrival Pattern of Customers 124 6.6 The Service Pattern of Servers Queue Discipline, System Capacity, and the Number of Servers 124 6.7 Kendall’s Notation 125 6.8 The Formation of Retrial Queues as a Solution 126 6.9 The Stationary Analysis of the Characteristics of the M/M/2 Queue with Constant Repeated Attempts 126 6.10 Computation of the Steady-State Probabilities 128 6.11 Application of Retrial Queues 134 6.12 Conclusion 134 References 136 7 Smart e-Learning System with IoT-Enabled for Personalized Assessment 137 Veeramanickam M.R.M., Visalatchi S. and Ahmed A. Elngar 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Literature Study 139 7.3 Architecture Model 140 7.4 Assessment Technique: CBR Algorithm 143 7.5 Implementation Modules: Project Outcome 144 7.5.1 Creating a Web Application 144 7.5.2 Integrating Raspberry Pi and Scribble Pad 146 7.5.3 Deploying Web App over Internet/FTP Server 148 7.5.4 Assessment Technique – Online Exam 148 7.6 Conclusion 150 References 150 8 Implementation of File Sharing System Using Li-Fi Based on Internet of Things (IoT) 153 Sunil L. Bangare, Shirin Siddiqui, Ayush Srivastava, Avinash Kumar, Pushkraj Bhagat, G. Pradeepini, S. T. Patil and Ahmed A. Elngar 8.1 Introduction 154 8.1.1 Motivation 154 8.1.2 Problem Statement 155 8.1.3 Background 155 8.2 Existing System/Related Work 156 8.2.1 SHARE It 156 8.2.2 Super Beam 156 8.2.3 Xender 156 8.3 Literature Survey 156 8.4 Proposed System 163 8.4.1 Input Data 163 8.4.2 Conversion to Binary Encoded Information 163 8.4.3 Led Driver 164 8.4.4 Photo Diode Receiver 164 8.5 Workflow 165 8.6 Proposed Solution 171 8.6.1 Hardware Setup 171 8.6.2 Transistor-Transistor Logic Serial Communication 172 8.6.3 Arduino Uno 172 8.7 Software Implementation 173 8.7.1 Video Transmission 173 8.7.2 Text/Text File Transmission 174 8.7.3 Audio Transmission 175 8.7.4 Image Transmission 175 8.8 Block Diagram – Indoor Navigation System Using Li-Fi 176 8.9 Implementation 177 8.10 Unicode Transmission 178 8.10.1 Receiver – Solar Panel 179 8.10.2 Text to Speech 179 8.11 Conclusion 180 References 181 9 Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in the Diagnosis of Pleural Mesothelioma 185 Ushasukhanya S., S.S. Sridhar and Ahmed A. Elngar 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Methods 188 9.3 Analysis 192 9.4 Conclusion 194 References 194 10 Handwritten Character Recognition and Genetic Algorithms 197 Magesh Kasthuri and Vigneshwar Manoharan 10.1 Introduction 198 10.2 Recognition Framework for a Handwritten Character Recognition 199 10.3 Offline Character Recognition 200 10.4 Literature Review 201 10.5 Feature Extraction 206 10.6 Pattern Recognition 207 10.7 Noise Reduction 208 10.8 Segmentation 209 10.9 Pre-Processing 210 10.10 Hybrid Recognition 211 10.11 Applying Genetic Algorithm 211 10.12 Multilingual Characters 214 10.12.1 Multilingual Characters – Hindi 214 10.12.2 Multilingual Characters – Tamil Language 215 10.12.3 Multilingual Characters – Malayalam Language 215 10.12.4 Multilingual Characters – Telugu Language 216 10.12.5 Multilingual Characters – Kannada Language 217 10.12.6 Multilingual Characters – Egypt Language 218 10.12.7 Multilingual Characters – Polish Language 219 10.13 Results 220 References 221 11 An Intelligent Agent-Based Approach for COVID- 19 Patient Distribution Management 225 Claudiu-Ionut Popirlan, Adriana Burlea Schiopoiu, Cristina Popirlan and Ahmed A. Elngar 11.1 Introduction 226 11.2 Intelligent Agent’s Architecture Proposal for COVID- 19 Patient Distribution Management 227 11.2.1 A Clinical Scenario of COVID-19 Patient Distributed Management 231 11.2.2 Communication Management 232 11.3 Intelligent Agents Task Management 234 11.3.1 Intelligent Agents Cooperation Management 236 11.3.1.1 Establishing Commitments 236 11.3.1.2 Adaptive Management of Commitment Changes 237 11.4 Java Agent Development Framework 237 11.4.1 Software Implementation 239 11.4.2 Results Comparison 241 11.5 Conclusions 242 References 243 12 Computational Science Role in Medical and Healthcare- Related Approach 245 Pawan Whig, Arun Velu, Rahul Reddy Nadikattu and Yusuf Jibrin Alkali 12.1 Introduction 246 12.2 Background 251 12.3 Healthcare Nowadays 253 12.4 Healthcare Activities and Processes 253 12.5 Organization and Financial Aspects of Healthcare 254 12.6 Health Information Technology is Currently Being Used 255 12.7 Future Healthcare 256 12.8 Research Challenges 257 12.9 Modeling 259 12.10 Automation 260 12.11 Teamwork and Data Exchange 260 12.12 Scaled Data Management 260 12.13 Comprehensive Automated Recording of Exchanges Between Doctors and Patients 260 12.14 Johns Hopkins University: A Case Study 261 12.15 Case Study: Managing Patient Flow 263 12.16 Case Study: Using Electronic Health Records and Human Factors Engineering 263 12.17 Technology, Leadership, Culture, and Increased Learning are Necessary for the Spread of Systems Approaches 265 12.18 Conclusion 267 References 267 13 Impact of e-Business Services on Product Management 273 Sanchit Sarhadi and Priyadarshini Adyasha Pattanaik 13.1 Introduction 274 13.2 Literature Review 275 13.3 Data Collection and Method Details 283 13.4 Results 294 13.5 Conclusion 295 References 295 14 Analysis of Lakeshore Images Obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 299 Ivana Čermáková and Roman Danel 14.1 Introduction 299 14.2 Possibilities of Processing Images Acquired from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 302 14.3 Defining Purpose, Location and Users of the Study 302 14.4 Suitable and Available Data and Vehicle 303 14.5 Usable Image Processing Methods 304 14.6 Invasive-Plant Detection 309 14.7 Evaluation and Interpretation of the Results 311 14.8 Analysis of Lakeshore – Koblov Lake 313 14.9 Area of Interest 313 14.10 Data Acquisition 314 14.11 Data Pre-Processing 315 14.12 Data Processing and Evaluation 316 14.13 Evaluation and Interpretation of the Results 318 14.14 Conclusion 321 References 321 15 Robotic Arm: Impact on Industrial and Domestic Applications 323 Nidhi Chahal, Ruchi Bisht, Arun Kumar Rana and Aryan Srivastava 15.1 Introduction 324 15.2 Circuit Diagram 326 15.3 Literature Survey 327 15.4 Operation of Robot 329 15.5 The Benefits of Industrial Robotic Arms 330 15.6 Component Details 330 15.7 Working of Robotic Arm 332 15.8 Intel Takes Robotic Arms to The Next Level 334 15.9 Robotic Arm Applications 334 15.10 Conclusion 335 References 336 16 Effects of Using VR on Computer Science Students’ Learning Behavior in Indonesia: An Experimental Study for TEFL 341 Muthmainnah, Ahmad Al Yakin, Luís Cardoso, Ahmed A. Elngar, Ibrahim Oteir and Abdullah Nijr Al-Otaibi 16.1 Introduction 342 16.2 VR as FUTELA 344 16.3 Using the Internet to Study and Learning Behavior 346 16.4 Methods 347 16.5 Research Participants 348 16.6 Techniques for Analyzing Data 349 16.7 The Indicator of Efficiency 350 16.8 Results and Discussion 350 16.9 Discussion 357 16.10 Conclusion 360 References 361 17 Satisfaction of Students Toward Media and Technology Innovation Amidst COVID- 19 365 Muthmainnah, Ahmad Al Yakin, Saikat Gochhait, Andi Asrifan, Ahmed A. Elngar and Luís Cardoso 17.1 Introduction 366 17.2 Literature Review 370 17.2.1 Accelerating Digital Transformation in the Education Sector 370 17.2.2 Digital Media and Technology in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) 371 17.3 Methods 378 17.4 Results and Findings 379 17.5 Discussion 383 17.6 Conclusion 386 References 386 Index 391