Functional Coatings for Biomedical, Energy, and Environmental Applications

List of Contributors xxvi Preface xxxv 1 Introduction: The Evolution of Functional Coatings from Protection to Innovation 1 Devyani Thapliyal, Kshitij Tewari, Sarojini Verma, Chitresh K. Bhargava, Pramita Sen, Anshi Mehra, Snehil Rana, George D. Verros, and Raj K. Arya 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Coatings in Energy Sector 5 1.3 Coatings in the Environment: Agriculture, Food and Separations 9 1.4 Other Applications of Coatings 18 1.5 Conclusions 19 References 20 Part I Coatings in Biomedical Applications 31 2 Functional Coatings: Innovation and Challenges; Coatings in Biological Systems 33 Kulsoom Koser, Shahnaz Kousar, Sajjad Haider, Salah- Ud- Din Khan, Aadil A. Bhat, and Athar A. Hashmi 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Thermal Sprays Technologies 35 2.3 Plasma Spraying 35 2.4 Combustion Spraying 36 2.5 The Cold Spray Technology 36 2.6 Substrate Preparation 37 2.7 Characteristics of the Cold Spray Process 38 2.8 Cold- Sprayed Compounds 38 2.9 Cold Sprays Coatings with Added Functionality 38 2.10 Medical Implantable Device Coatings 39 2.11 Bioactive Coatings 40 2.12 Antimicrobial Coatings 41 2.12.1 Contamination of Medical Equipment 41 2.13 Antifouling Coatings 41 2.14 Anticorrosive Coatings 43 2.15 Cold Spray Bioactive Coatings in the Future 43 2.16 Conclusion 44 References 44 3 Antimicrobial Coatings in Dental Implants: Past and Present Approaches 51 Diksha Agrawal and Anu P. Minhas 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Past and Present Status of AMC 52 3.3 Challenges and Future of Antimicrobial- Coated Dental Implants 67 3.4 Conclusion 68 References 68 4 Superhydrophobic Coatings for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications 77 Suriyanarayanan Sudha, Sonanki Keshri, Chaithanya K. I. Naga, and Subhajith Roychowdhury 4.1 Introduction to Functional Coatings 77 4.2 Superhydrophobic Coatings 78 4.3 Emerging Applications of Superhydrophobic Materials in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical 86 4.4 Conclusions, Perspectives, and Future Directions 94 4.5 Outlook 94 Abbreviations 95 References 95 5 Antimicrobial Coatings: Recent Advances and Development in Healthcare Systems 105 Arvind K. Yadav , Amook Sharma, Punit K. Khanna, Ratna Chandra, Ashutosh Tripathi, Deepak Kumar, and Manoj Kandpal 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Antimicrobial Coating Technology (AMC Technology) 106 5.3 Antimicrobial Coatings Market Size, Share, and Industrial Analysis 110 5.4 Antimicrobial Technology in Healthcare Systems 111 5.5 Benefits of Antimicrobial Coatings in the Medical Industry 114 5.6 Challenges of Implementing Antimicrobial Coatings 115 5.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 118 References 118 6 3D Printing Coatings for Pharmaceutical Applications 123 Anil K. Adimulapu, Rajesh E. Jesudasan, Raj K. Arya, Davvedu Thathapudi, Mahesh Namballa, Kashmiri Sonowal, and Anand Matta 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 History 123 6.3 Advantages of a 3D Printed Drug Delivery 124 6.4 Process Challenges 124 6.5 Risk Assessment during 3D Printing Process 125 6.6 Types of 3D Printing 125 6.7 Applications of 3D Printing 127 References 140 7 Advances in Pharmaceutical Coatings and Coating Materials 145 Alok Ranjan, Priyanka Adhikari, Raj Kumar Verma, Anaikutti Parthiban, Meenakshi Singh, and Ashish Kumar 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Coating Materials 146 7.3 Different Types of Coating 148 7.4 Coating Equipment 152 7.5 Characterization Technique for the Coated Surface 154 7.6 Challenges of Coating in Pharmaceutical Application 155 7.7 Application of Process Modeling in Coating 157 7.8 Summary 159 References 159 8 Pharmaceutical Coatings 163 Bhavishya Mittal, Devyani Thapliyal, and Raj K. Arya 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 Biopharmaceutics 164 8.3 Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Coatings and Process 168 8.4 Manufacturing Process for Applying Coatings 171 8.5 Scale- Up 178 8.6 Summary 180 References 180 Part II Coatings in Energy and Environment 183 9 Energy Storage Coatings: Classification and Its Applications 185 Devyanshu Sachdev, Pragati Sharma, Vinod Kashyap, Srinivas Tadepalli, Rahul Sharma, Chankit, Ashok K. Sharma, and Gaurav Gupta 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Classification of Energy Storage 186 9.3 Applications of Energy Storage Coatings 189 9.4 Summary 197 Acknowledgment 197 Competing Interest 197 References 197 10 Energy Storage Coatings in Textiles: A Revolutionary Integration 203 Rakesh Namdeti, Nachiappan Senthilnathan, Naveen Prasad Balakrishna P. S., Uma R. Meka, and Arlene A. Joaquin 10.1 Background and Motivation 203 10.2 Objectives of the Chapter 203 10.3 Significance of Energy Storage Coatings in Textiles 204 10.4 Current Challenges and Opportunities 206 10.5 Fundamentals of Energy Storage 207 10.6 Types of Energy Storage Systems 207 10.7 Coating Technologies for Energy Storage 208 10.8 Integration Challenges and Solutions 209 10.9 Textile Substrates for Energy Storage Coatings 210 10.10 Advanced Materials for Energy Storage Coatings 214 10.11 Techniques for Applying Energy Storage Coatings 217 10.12 Applications of Energy Storage Textiles 219 10.13 Performance and Durability Assessment 221 10.14 Future Perspectives and Challenges 223 10.15 Conclusion 225 References 225 11 Green- Synthesized Nanomaterial Coatings for High- Performance Electrodes 231 D. Shruthi Keerthi, M. Mukunda Vani, and Balaji Krishnamurthy 11.1 Introduction 231 11.2 Materials and Methods 237 11.3 Results 241 11.4 Conclusion 250 References 252 12 Optical Coating Systems for High- Efficiency Solar Cells 257 Sonal S. Bagade, Manzar M. Malik, and Piyush K. Patel 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2 Methodology 258 12.3 Working Mechanism, Advancement, and Applications of Various SC Coating Technologies 262 12.4 Conclusion 283 References 284 13 Science and Engineering of Functional Coatings Materials Used in Energy Sectors 305 Diksha P. Pathak, Ajeet K. Prajapati, Siddharth Atal, Yogendra Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Akhoury S. K. Sinha, Jitendra Sangwai, Krishna D. P. Nigam, and Deepak Dwivedi 13.1 Introduction 305 13.2 Functional Coatings Materials Property 307 13.3 Biomass- Derived Functional Coating Materials 309 13.4 Types of Advanced Functional Coating Technologies for Renewable Energy Sectors 312 13.5 Functional Coatings for Solar Energy Applications 313 13.6 Functional Coatings Used in Hydrogen Energy 314 13.7 Methods to Estimate Hydrogen Embrittlement 315 13.8 The General Classification of Functional Coating Based on Materials 317 13.9 Challenges with Coatings That Are Thick and Thin or Soft and Stiff 320 13.10 Specific Challenges in Some Coating’s Applications 320 References 321 14 High- Temperature Corrosion- Resistant Coatings for the Energy Sector 329 Ankita Kumari, Priyanka Sati, Sudesh Kumar, and Rajendra P. Singh 14.1 Introduction 329 14.2 Advances in HTC- Resistant Materials and Coatings 330 14.3 Materials and Coatings Corrosion Mechanisms 332 14.4 Corrosion- Resistant Substances and Coatings: Application Trends 332 14.5 Mechanisms of Decline and Coating Design 337 14.6 Conclusion 338 Acknowledgments 339 References 339 Part III Coatings for Industrial and Environmental Applications 343 15 Coatings in the Automobile Application 345 Ramanujam Kanchana, Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy, Ashish Kapoor, and Paramathma Baskara Sethupathi 15.1 Introduction 345 15.2 Raw Material Used in the Automotive Coatings Industry 346 15.3 Based on Product Categories and Process of Coatings 351 15.4 Based on the Application Method of Coatings 354 15.5 Based on the Technology of Coating Types 354 15.6 Functional Coatings Types 355 15.7 Market 356 15.8 Benefits 356 15.9 Application 357 15.10 Current Trends in the Automotive Coatings 358 15.11 Automotive Key Suppliers 359 15.12 Conclusion 360 References 360 16 Coatings for Membrane Separations 363 Abhishek K. S. Saxena, Anupam B. Soni, Santhi R. Pilli, and Anandkumar Jayapal 16.1 Introduction 363 16.2 Physical Coating Techniques 365 16.3 Chemical Coating Techniques 374 16.4 Applications 381 16.5 Challenges and Outlook 387 16.6 Conclusions 388 References 389 17 Coatings for Oil–Water Separation 399 Monalisha Samanta, Pramita Sen, and Debarati Mitra 17.1 Introduction 399 17.2 What Are Coatings? 401 17.3 Application of Coatings 401 17.4 Types of Coatings 402 17.5 Fabrication Methods of Superhydrophobic and Super- Hydrophilic coatings 403 17.6 Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic Coated Membranes Used for Oil/Water Separation 416 17.7 Limitations Associated with the Development of Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic Surfaces and Films 423 17.8 Conclusions 424 References 425 18 Enhancing the Performance of Ultrafiltration (UF) Membranes with the Aid of Functional Coatings 429 Pramita Sen, Tanweepriya Das, Sushmit Ghosh, Arka Sanyal, Umesh Ghorai, Rohit Dutta, Devyani Thapliyal, and Raj K. Arya 18.1 Introduction 429 18.2 Types of Coating Material 431 18.3 Synthesis of Polymer- Coated Membranes 435 18.4 Fouling and Antifouling Mechanism Analysis 446 18.5 Major Applications and Performance Characteristics of Surface- Modified UF Membranes 451 18.6 Concluding Remarks 454 References 457 19 Antimicrobial Coatings for Water Purification: Applications and Future Perspectives 467 Simmi Goel and Raj K. Arya 19.1 Introduction 467 19.2 Metal and Its Oxide- Containing Nanocoatings 468 19.3 Polymers- Based Coatings Used for Water Purification 472 19.4 Ionic Liquids and Polymer Composites as Antimicrobial Agents 474 19.5 Natural Plant Extracts for Water Purification 476 19.6 Conclusion 478 References 478 Part IV Coatings in Food and Consumer Goods 485 20 Protein- Based Edible Coatings and Films for Food Packaging and Storage 487 Anupama Thakur, Avni Gupta, Preet Kanwal, Ananya Sharma, Harbaaz Singh, Gaganpreet K. Saini, and Shilpi Ahluwalia 20.1 Introduction 487 20.2 Types of Coatings 488 20.3 Protein Film Formation Methods 493 20.4 Improvement Methods for Protein Films 495 20.5 Factors Affecting Protein- Based Film 498 20.6 Applications of Protein- Based Edible Films 502 20.7 Conclusion 504 References 504 21 Antimicrobial Coatings in the Food Industry 511 V. Uma Maheshwari Nallal, A. Usha Raja Nanthini, D. Illakiam, B. Ravindran, Vinitha Ebenezer, and M. Razia 21.1 Introduction 511 21.2 Food Industry: Role, Benefits, and Risks 512 21.3 Microbial Contamination in Food Industry 514 21.4 Antimicrobial Agents and Their Mode of Action 518 21.5 Antimicrobial Coatings 518 21.6 Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Coating Agents 525 21.7 Applications of Antimicrobial Coatings in Food Industry 526 21.8 Release Kinetics of Antimicrobial Agents from Coated Surfaces 531 21.9 Recent Trends in Antimicrobial Coatings 532 21.10 Challenges and Safety Concerns 532 21.11 The Commercialization of Antimicrobial Coatings 533 21.12 Conclusion and Future Roadmap 534 References 535 22 Antimicrobial Coatings for Fruits and Vegetables 543 Sakshi Gupta, Gargi Ghoshal, and Raj K. Arya 22.1 Introduction 543 22.2 Composition of Edible Coating for Fruits and Vegetables 546 22.3 Antimicrobial Agents Suitable for Coating 550 22.4 Techniques for Making an Antimicrobial Edible Coating 556 22.5 Effect of Edible Coating on Qualities of Fruits and Vegetables 561 22.6 Future Prospect 561 22.7 Conclusion 562 References 562 23 Antioxidant Coatings Applied in the Food Industry 571 Sunita Patil, Rohidas Bhoi, Jotiram Gujar, Parimala Shivaprasad, Alisa Wikaputri, and Shambala Gadekar- Shinde 23.1 Introduction 571 23.2 Role of Antioxidant Coatings in the Food Industry 571 23.3 Classification of Antioxidants 572 23.4 Method of Extraction of Antioxidants from Natural Resources 573 23.5 Procedure for Inducing Coating on FM 574 23.6 Antioxidant Film as a Coating in Packaging 581 23.7 Challenges and Prospect 587 23.8 Conclusion 592 References 592 24 Applications of Edible Coating in the Food Industry 601 Anshi Mehra, Pooja Rajput, Devyani Thapliyal, Sarojini Verma, Snehil Rana, Chitresh K. Bhargava, Kshitij Tewari, George D. Verros, and Raj K. Arya 24.1 Introduction 601 24.2 Coating Categories 603 24.3 Ingredients in the Making of Edible Coating 604 24.4 Possible Generation Methods of Edible Coatings 611 24.5 Factors Affecting Coating Process 614 24.6 Sensory Implication on the Shelf Life of Fruit 615 24.7 Application of Edible Coating 616 24.8 Advantages of Edible Coating 618 24.9 Characterization/Analysis of Edible Coatings 619 24.10 Ordinance Detail 621 24.11 Future Trends 621 References 622 Part V Emerging Coating Innovations 629 25 Antimicrobial Coatings for Textiles Using Natural Dyes 631 Varinder Kaur, Palwinder Singh, Debapriya Chattopadhyay, Sombir Jaglan, Sachin K. Godara, Sukhdeep Kaur, Sheetal Vermani, Alvine S. Ndinchout, and Deepika Verma 25.1 Introduction 631 25.2 Applications of Natural Antimicrobial Dyes for Textiles 633 25.3 Future Scope 638 References 638 26 Superhydrophobic Coatings for Boiling Heat Transfer Applications 643 Inbaoli Arivalagan, Sujith Kumar C. Sivaraman, and Sandesh S. Chougule 26.1 Introduction 643 26.2 Wettability 645 26.3 Wettability Effects on Bubble Dynamics 646 26.4 Preparation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Pool Boiling 648 26.5 Boiling Characteristics on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 651 26.6 Summary 658 26.7 Prospects of SHB Surfaces 658 References 658 27 Electroless Nickel- Based Coatings for Corrosion Protection Applications 663 Shashikala A. R., Sridhar B. S., and Sabin Mishra 27.1 Introduction 663 27.2 Effect of Corrosion 663 27.3 Corrosion Protection 664 27.4 Electroplating and Electroless Plating 665 27.5 Electroless Plating of Nickel 668 27.6 Conclusion 671 References 671 28 Functional Coating in Electronic Applications 675 Rakesh Namdeti, Sivamani Selvaraju, Vijayanand Manickam, Saikat Banerjee, and Jayakaran Pachiyappan 28.1 Introduction 675 28.2 Principles of Functional Coatings 676 28.3 Applications of Functional Coatings 680 28.4 Future Trends and Challenges 683 28.5 Conclusion 690 References 690 Index 695