How do accidents and disasters occur? How has knowledge of accident processes evolved? A significant improvement in safety has occurred during the past century, with the number of accidents falling spectacularly within industry, aviation and road traffic. This progress has been gradual in the context of a changing society. The improvements are partly due to a better understanding of the accident processes that ultimately lead to damage. This book shows how contemporary crises instigated the development of safety knowledge and how the safety sciences pieced their theories together by research, by experience and by taking ideas from other domains.
From Safety to Safety Science details 150 years of knowledge development in the safety sciences. The authors have rigorously extracted the essence of safety knowledge development from more than 2,500 articles to provide a unique overview and insight into the background and usability of safety theories, as well as modelling how they developed and how they are used today. Extensive appendices and references provide an additional dimension to support further scholarly work in this field.
The book is divided into clear time periods to make it an accessible piece of science history that will be invaluable to both new and experienced safety researchers, to safety courses and education, and to learned practitioners.
By:
Paul Swuste (Delft University of Technology Netherlands),
Jop Groeneweg (Leiden University,
Netherlands),
Frank W. Guldenmund (Delft University of Technology,
Netherlands),
Coen van Gulijk (University of Huddersfield,
UK),
Saul Lemkowitz (Delft University of Technology,
Netherlands)
Imprint: Routledge
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Dimensions:
Height: 234mm,
Width: 156mm,
Weight: 789g
ISBN: 9780367431228
ISBN 10: 036743122X
Pages: 406
Publication Date: 30 November 2021
Audience:
College/higher education
,
Professional and scholarly
,
Primary
,
Undergraduate
Format: Hardback
Publisher's Status: Active
TIME TRAVEL CHAPTER 1 THE BIRTH OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, SAFETY AND SOCIAL STRUGGLE: 1800s–1910 UNITED KINGDOM The century of steam UNITED STATES US Steel, road to happiness The Pittsburgh investigation Eastman's conclusions Responsibility for safety THE NETHERLANDS The Netherlands during the century of steam Safety technique according to Westerouwen van Meeteren Heijermans’ causes of occupational accidents CHAPTER 2 ACCIDENT PRONENESS, SAFETY BY INSPECTION: 1910-1930 UNITED STATES The American management approach Behavioural management Safety technique Safety publications Professionalisation of occupational safety Safety management according to DeBlois Heinrich’s influence Safety propaganda UNITED KINGDOM Safety research Accident proneness The individual hypothesis Between thinking and doing The environmental hypothesis THE NETHERLANDS Individual factors CHAPTER 3 DOMINOS, SAFETY BY TECHNIQUE – PREVENTION: 1931-1950 UNITED STATES Heinrich's contribution The domino metaphor The National Safety Council The role of the foreman Accident investigation, chance and effect Criticism on Heinrich The epidemiological triangle UNITED KINGDOM Accidents and their prevention THE NETHERLANDS Limited knowledge development Safety museum Safety inspectors CHAPTER 4 PREVENTION, BEHAVIOUR AND THE MAKEABLE MAN: 1950 – 1970 UNITED STATES Modern management Quality control, product versus process The latter days of Heinrich Damage control Criticism on the psychological explanation of accidents The hazard-barrier-target model The concept of risk Reliability engineering Ergonomics Loss prevention and safety tools, FMEA, FTA, Energy Analysis UNITED KINGDOM Safety tool, Hazop Human factors and ergonomics THE NETHERLANDS Task dynamics, a safety theory Focus on occupational safety The Lateiner method Workers’ participation Ergonomics and housekeeping CHAPTER 5 RISK, SAFETY AND ORGANISATION – MANAGEMENT: 1970-1990 WESTERN EUROPE AND THE NORDIC CONTRIES Quality of legal provisions for occupational management Models of occupational safety Ergonomics and task dynamics Causes and prevention of 2,000 accidents Occupational safety research in the 1980s NORTH AMERICA Structures of organisations Risk homeostasis Occupational safety research in the 1980s Prevention of accidents Occupational safety management systems and auditing Workers’ well-being Safety and changing technology THE NETHERLANDS Human error Risk and occupational safety Acceptability of risks, standards for occupational exposure to carcinogens Humanisation of labour CHAPTER 6 RISK AND MANAGEMENT, SAFETY BY ORGANISATION: 1960-1990 WESTERN EUROPE AND THE NORDIC COUTRIES Some major industrial accidents in the 1960s and 1970s Feyzin, 1966 Aberfan, 1966 Flixborough, 1974 Seveso, 1976 Los Alfaques, 1978 How safety changed after these major industrial accidents The nuclear sector Loss Prevention Canvey Island study Inherent safe design Seveso I The Disaster Incubation Theory Man-machine interactions Some major industrial accidents in the 1980s Chernobyl, 1986 Piper Alpha, 1988 Clapham Junction, 1988 NORTH AMERICA, INDIA AND THE FORMER USSR Management Oversight Risk Tree Some major industrial accidents in the 1970s and 1980s Three Mile Island, 1979 Mexico City, 1984 Bhopal, 1984 How safety changed after these major industrial accidents Risk approach and risk perception Normal accidents Man-machine interactions THERP and high reliability theory Safety management THE NETHERLANDS Some major industrial accidents in the 1960s and 1970s Shell Pernis, 1968 DSM Beek, 1975 NAM Schoonebeek, 1976 How safety changed after these major industrial accidents Impact of vapour gas explosions Fighting blow-outs Loss Prevention Origin of the Dutch risk concept COVO study, LPG study Coloured books Broad Societal Discussion Research on risk perception The Shell casus University Training and Research in Safety CHAPTER 7 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, SAFETY MANAGEMENT, CULTURE: 1990-2010 WESTERN EUROPE AND NORDIC COUNTRIES Quality management Safety management The accident process Accident models Working-on-safety Safety culture and safety climate NORTH AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA Quality management Organisational learning Safety audits Safety interventions Organisational culture THE NETHERLANDS Organisational learning The concept of well-being ISO madness Risk assessment and evaluation Accidents and accident models Safety interventions Safety culture CHAPTER 8 HIGH-TECH-HIGH-HAZARD SAFETY, CULTURE AND RISK: 1990‒2010 General management schools Risk Accidents in high-tech-high-hazard sectors Domino effects Golden years of safety WESTERN EUROPE AND NORDIC COUNTRIES Determinants of major accident processes Sloppy management Complexity and socio-technical systems Gas clouds Human failure and human factors Safety culture and inspections Design Metaphors Swiss cheese Drift to danger Models and theories Disaster incubation theory Resilience engineering workshop Risk perception Risk and safety management NORTH AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA Determinants of major accident processes Design, Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) Design, process intensification Theories Normal accident theory High reliability theory Case studies Risk perception THE NETHERLANDS Determinants of major accident processes Metaphors Bowtie Quantification of risk Acceptable risk levels Risk perception Risk and safety management Deepwater Horizon CHAPTER 9 EPILOGUE Acts of God The individual and environmental hypotheses, pre-war period Hazards and unsafe acts, pre-war period Occupational safety, post-war period Management and safety management, post-war period Ergonomics, post-war period The environmental and individual hypotheses, post-war period High-tech-high-hazard safety, post-war period Organisational factors The combination of technology, behaviour and organisation Safety and risk management Risk and risk perception Again theories, models and metaphors The fruits of progress Worrying between thinking and doing Safety as a science? Room for optimism The time traveller again Optimise or innovate? The need for cooperation Sorcery Appendix 1: Reported ‘man-made’ incidents and major accidents from public literature, 1990-2010 Appendix 2: High-tech high hazard safety, 1950-2010 Appendix 3: Occupational safety, 1800s-2010 References Index
Paul Swuste is an associate professor of the Safety Science Group, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, with an MSc degree in Biochemistry (Leiden University, 1978) and a PhD thesis, 'Occupational Hazards and Solutions' (Delft University of Technology, 1996). He has conducted research on risk assessments in high-tech-high-hazard industries, on the history of knowledge developments in safety science and on various occupational hazards. He has published frequently on these topics and co-organised the post-graduate master course 'Management of Safety Health and Environment' from 1994 to 2008. Jop Groeneweg graduated as a cognitive psychologist from Leiden University in the early 1980s. In a career spanning about four decennia, he was involved in many projects, in and outside the university, to improve safety, predominantly in industrial organisations. As a professor of Safety in Healthcare at Delft University of Technology and a human performance expert at Leiden University and the TNO research institute, in the Netherlands, he aims to transfer his knowledge to the medical domain to reduce preventable adverse events while at the same time getting new insights that might help to further improve safety in the industry. Frank W. Guldenmund graduated from Leiden University with degrees in both cognitive psychology and methods and statistics. In February 1992 he joined the Safety Science Group at Delft University of Technology. In his research, he focusses on the management of safety in industrial organisations and on the behavior of people within those organisations. He has been teaching safety science for nearly 30 years to both graduate and undergraduate students as well as to safety practitioners. Since 2002 he has been a trainer in the safety culture program of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), providing lectures and workshops on this topic worldwide. Currently, he is on the board of the Dutch Society for Safety Professionals (NVVK) and responsible for embedding (more) science into the work of safety professionals. He is editor of the society’s journal as well as associate editor of Safety Science. Coen van Gulijk is a senior scientist at TNO Healthy Living, a vising professor at the University of Huddersfield and affiliate researcher of the Safety Science Group of the Delft University of Technology. He is investigating and accelerating the digital transformation of safety models and safety management. He has taught safety science on an academic level in four universities in the Netherlands, one university in Belgium and one in the UK, and actively engages in international networks and scientific dissemination. Saul Lemkowitz was an associate professor of the Chemical Engineering department at Delft University of Technology. He studied chemical engineering at Rutgers University, in the United States, and at Delft. His PhD thesis (Delft, 1975) focused on ‘Phase and corrosion studies of the ammonia-carbon dioxide water system’. Dust explosions and explosion safety in the process industries were his fields of research and education, together with sustainability, industrial ecology and technology and society. He frequently published on these topics. Regrettably, Saul passed away on 13 February 2020. Yvette Oostendorp finished her master's studies at Wageningen University and Research in environmental and industrial hygiene in 1983 and worked as a researcher at Wageningen UR on agreement between qualitative estimates and quantitative exposure measurements. From 1986 until 2004 she worked as an industrial hygienist at an occupational health service. She is author or co-author of several handbooks on chemical risk assessment for professionals in occupational health services. In 2004 she started as a senior advisor at the former Hazardous Substances Council, the advisory council for the Dutch parliament. Since 2012 she has worked at the Dutch Council for Environment and Infrastructure (RLI). Walter Zwaard studied chemistry at Leiden University and received his PhD in 1983. He worked at Leiden University as risk manager, radiation safety officer and lecturer on laboratory safety. From 2004 until 2012 he was a member of the former Hazardous Substances Council. He has published widely on safety issues such as hazardous substances, accident prevention and risk management. He has written a number of books and edited several textbooks on safety. Since 1992 he has worked as a safety practitioner and consultant in both public and private sectors. As an instructor and lecturer, he participates in many courses for risk professionals.
