Fire Risk Management

Foreword xiii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi List of Acronyms xxiii About the Companion Website xxvii 1 Introduction 1 2 Recent Fires and Failed Strategies 3 2.1 Torre dei Moro 4 2.1.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 4 2.2 Norman Atlantic 6 2.2.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 7 2.3 Storage Building on Fire 8 2.3.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 8 2.4 ThyssenKrupp Fire 9 2.4.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 9 2.5 Refinery’s Pipeway Fire 12 2.5.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 13 2.6 Refinery Process Unit Fire 16 2.6.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 17 3 Fundamentals of Risk Management 21 3.1 Introduction to Risk and Risk Management 22 3.2 ISO 31000 Standard 26 3.2.1 The Principles of RM 28 3.3 ISO 31000 Risk Management Workflow 28 3.3.1 Leadership and Commitment 28 3.3.2 Understanding the Organisation and Its Contexts 30 3.3.3 Implementation of the RM Framework 31 3.3.4 The Risk Management Process 32 3.4 The Risk Assessment Phase 32 3.5 Risk Identification 33 3.6 Risk Analysis 34 3.6.1 Analysis of Controls and Barriers 35 3.6.2 Consequence Analysis 35 3.6.3 Frequency Analysis and Probability Estimation 36 3.7 Risk Evaluation 36 3.7.1 Acceptability and Tolerability Criteria of the Risk 37 3.8 The ALARP Study 40 3.9 Risk Management over Time 43 3.10 Risk Treatment 44 3.11 Monitoring and Review 46 3.12 Audit Activities 47 3.13 The System Performance Review 47 3.14 Proactive and Reactive Culture of Organisations Dealing with Risk Management 50 3.15 Systemic Approach to Fire Risk Management 64 4 Fire as an Accident 65 4.1 Industrial Accidents 65 4.2 Fires 67 4.2.1 Flash Fire 67 4.2.2 Pool Fire 71 4.2.3 Fireball 72 4.2.4 Jet Fire 75 4.3 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) 76 4.4 Explosion 76 4.5 Deflagrations and Detonations 78 4.5.1 Vapour Cloud Explosion 79 4.5.2 Threshold Values 79 4.5.3 Physical Effect Modelling 81 4.6 Fire in Compartments 82 5 Integrate Fire Safety into Asset Design 93 6 Fire Safety Principles 103 6.1 Fire Safety Concepts Tree 103 6.2 NFPA Standard 550 104 6.3 NFPA Standard 551 111 6.3.1 The Risk Matrix Method Applied to Fire Risk 121 7 Fire-Safety Design Resources 123 7.1 International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 123 7.1.1 Iso 16732 125 7.1.2 Iso 16733 133 7.1.3 Iso 23932 139 7.1.3.1 Scope and Principles of the Standard 139 7.1.4 Iso 17776 143 7.1.5 Iso 13702 143 7.2 British Standards (BS) – UK 146 7.2.1 Pas 911 147 7.2.1.1 Risk and Hazard Assessment 152 7.2.2 Bs 9999 156 7.3 Society of Fire Protection Engineers – USA (SFPE-USA) 159 7.3.1 Engineering Guide to Fire Risk Assessment 160 7.3.2 Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection 163 7.4 Italian Fire Code 167 7.4.1 IFC Fire-Safety Design Method 168 8 Performance-Based Fire Engineering 175 9 Fire Risk Assessment Methods 189 9.1 Risk Assessment Method Selection 191 9.2 Risk Identification 192 9.2.1 Brainstorming 193 9.2.2 Checklist 194 9.2.3 What–If 194 9.2.4 Hazop 196 9.2.5 Hazid 199 9.2.6 Fmea/fmeda/fmeca 201 9.3 Risk Analysis 215 9.3.1 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 215 9.3.2 Event Tree Analysis (ETA) 219 9.3.3 Bow-Tie and LOPA 224 9.3.3.1 Description of the Method 226 9.3.3.2 Building a Bow-Tie 229 9.3.3.3 Barriers 232 9.3.3.4 LOPA Analysis in Bow-Tie 238 9.3.4 FERA and Explosion Risk Assessment and Quantitative Risk Assessment 243 9.3.5 Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) 243 9.3.6 Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment (FERA) 254 9.4 Risk Evaluation 258 9.4.1 FN Curves 258 9.4.2 Risk Indices 259 9.4.3 Risk Matrices 260 9.4.4 Index Methods 264 9.4.4.1 An Example from a “Seveso” Plant 266 9.4.5 SWeHI Method 267 9.4.6 Application 268 9.5 Simplified Fire Risk Assessment Using a Weighted Checklist 272 9.5.1 Risk Levels 273 10 Risk Profiles 281 10.1 People 282 10.2 Property 283 10.3 Business Continuity 285 10.4 Environment 287 11 Fire Strategies 289 11.1 Risk Mitigation 289 11.2 Fire Reaction 295 11.3 Fire Resistance 296 11.4 Fire Compartments 300 11.5 Evacuation and Escape Routes 303 11.6 Emergency Management 312 11.7 Active Fire Protection Measures 317 11.8 Fire Detection 323 11.9 Smoke Control 330 11.10 Firefighting and Rescue Operations 332 11.11 Technological Systems 334 12 Fire-Safety Management and Performance 339 12.1 Preliminary Remarks 339 12.2 Safety Management in the Design Phase 341 12.3 Safety Management in the Implementation and Commissioning Phase 344 12.4 Safety Management in the Operation Phase 345 13 Learning from Real Fires (Forensic Highlights) 349 13.1 Torre dei Moro 349 13.1.1 Why It Happened 349 13.1.2 Findings 350 13.1.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 350 13.2 Norman Atlantic 352 13.2.1 Why It Happened 352 13.2.2 Findings 355 13.2.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 357 13.3 Storage Building on Fire 357 13.3.1 Why It Happened 357 13.3.2 Findings 358 13.3.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 359 13.4 ThyssenKrupp Fire 360 13.4.1 Why It Happened 360 13.4.2 Findings 363 13.4.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 364 13.5 Refinery’s Pipeway Fire 366 13.5.1 Why It Happened 366 13.5.2 Findings 367 13.5.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 367 13.6 Refinery Process Unit Fire 367 13.6.1 Why It Happened 367 13.6.2 Findings 370 13.6.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 373 13.7 Fire in Historical Buildings 374 13.7.1 Introduction 374 13.7.1.1 Description of the Building and Works 376 13.7.2 The Fire 379 13.7.2.1 The Fire Damage 379 13.7.3 Fire-Safety Lessons Learned 379 13.8 Fire Safety Concepts Tree Applied to Real Events 380 14 Case Studies (Risk Assessment Examples) 387 14.1 Introduction 396 14.2 Facility Description 396 14.3 Assessment 397 14.3.1 Selected Approach and Workflow 397 14.3.2 Methods 398 14.3.3 Fire Risk Assessment 404 14.3.4 Specific Insights 406 14.4 Results 410 15 Conclusions 421 Bibliography 425 Index 435