Essential Manual of 24-Hour Blood Pressure Management

Author biography, xi Preface – Direction to “Perfect 24-hour Blood Pressure Control”, xv Acknowledgments, xix 1 Evidence and scientific rationale for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), 1 Diurnal BP variation and the concept of “perfect 24-hour BP control”, 1 Nocturnal hypertension and nocturnal BP dipping status, 3 Nocturnal BP dipping status, 3 Non-dipper patterns of BP and pulse rate, 3 Riser pattern of BP and cardiovascular disease risk, 4 Riser pattern and HF, 7 Riser pattern and brain damage, 15 Nocturnal hypertension, 17 Associated Conditions and Mechanisms of Nocturnal Hypertension, 20 Mechanism of cardiovascular risk of nocturnal hypertension, 22 Extreme dipping, 24 Morning surge in BP, 27 Definition of MBPS, 33 Morning BP surge and cardiovascular disease, 34 Morning BP surge and organ damage, 37 Determinants of MBPS, 43 Mechanism of morning risk, 44 Morning BP surge and hemostatic abnormalities, 46 Vascular mechanism of exaggerated morning BP surge, 49 BP Variability and systemic hemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome (SHATS), 52 The resonance hypothesis of BP surge, 53 Orthostatic hypertension, 54 Ambulatory BP variability, 57 Visit-to-visit variability in office BP, 58 Vicious cycle between BP variability and vascular disease—SHATS, 59 White-coat and masked hypertension, 71 White-coat hypertension, 73 Masked hypertension, 75 Advances in ABPM, 75 Development of information and communication technology-based multi-sensor (IMS)-ABPM, 75 New ABPM indices, 77 HI-JAMP registry, 82 2 Scientific rationale for HBPM, 85 Five prospective, general practitioner-based, home BP studies, 85 Morning hypertension, 85 Control status of morning home BP in the J-HOP study, 88 Evidence for morning hypertension control, 89 Home BP variability, 99 Morning–evening difference (ME-dif), 99 SD, CV, ARV, and VIM of home BP, 101 Maximum home SBP, 103 Orthostatic Home BP Change, 103 Seasonal variation of home BP and “thermosensitive hypertension”, 109 Alcohol, 113 Daytime hypertension (stress hypertension), 115 Nighttime HBPM, 115 Cutting-edge of HBPM, 115 Basic nighttime home BP monitoring (Medinote), 119 Clinical evidence using nocturnal HBPM: J-HOP nocturnal BP study, 119 Trigger nighttime BP monitoring, 127 IT-based trigger nighttime BP monitoring system and the SPREAD study, 133 CPAP adherence and nighttime BP surge, 135 Antihypertensive medication on nighttime BP surge, 139 Wrist home HBPM and WISDOM Night study, 145 3 Practical use of ABPM and HBPM, 147 Concept and positioning of ABPM and HBPM in guidelines, 147 Recent guidelines, 147 Diagnosis of masked and white-coat hypertension, 147 Definition of morning hypertension, 148 Definition of nocturnal hypertension, 150 When to use HBPM and ABPM, 150 Clinically suspected SHATS, 152 Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), 154 Coupling study, 154 How to measure home BP, 155 Nighttime home BP measurement schedule, 159 ABPM parameters, 162 24-hour BP, 166 Daytime BP and nighttime BP, 166 Morning BP parameters, 166 Nighttime BP parameters, 166 MBPS parameters, 166 Nighttime BP surge parameters, 166 Nighttime BP dipping parameters, 167 ABPM-defined hypertension subtypes, 167 Home and ambulatory BP-guided management of hypertension, 167 STEpwise-Personalized 24-hour BP control approach (STEP24 approach), 167 Targeting morning hypertension (Step 1), 167 Targeting nocturnal hypertension (Step 2), 171 Pressor mechanism-based nighttime BP management strategy, 173 4 BP targets, when to initiate antihypertensive therapy, and nonpharmacological treatment, 177 Clinical implications of antihypertensive treatment, 177 SPRINT and automated office BP, 177 Meta-analysis of antihypertensive trials, 177 When to initiate antihypertensive therapy, 178 Patient preference, 178 Sodium intake, 179 Other dietary requirements, 181 Exercise, 183 Sleep hygiene, 185 Housing condition, 185 Applications and algorithms to facilitate lifestyle modification: CureAPP, 187 5 Antihypertensive medication, 189 Concept of 24-hour BP lowering including nighttime and morning BPs, 189 Chronotherapy, 189 Antihypertensive drug choice, 190 Calcium channel blockers, 190 Amlodipine, 194 Nifedipine, 195 Cilnidipine, 197 Azelnidipine, 199 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, 201 Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 201 Valsartan, 201 Telmisartan, 204 Candesartan, 204 Olmesartan, 205 Azilsartan, 206 Diuretics, 212 Alpha-adrenergic blockers and beta-adrenergic blockers, 214 Mineralocorticoid receptor blockers (MRB), 215 Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi), 217 Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA), 221 Combination therapy, including single pill combinations, 222 First-line therapy, 222 Second-line therapy, 222 Clinical trials of antihypertensive combination therapy, 226 Management of resistant hypertension, 238 Third-line therapy, 238 Fourth-line therapy, 239 SGLT2 inhibitors, 240 SACRA study, 243 SHIFT-J study, 244 LUSCAR study, 248 Summary, 250 Other BP-lowering therapies, 252 Hypnotics, 252 XOR inhibitor, 252 Herbal medication, 253 6 Renal denervation, 255 Unsolved issues in the treatment of hypertension and the era for renal denervation, 255 Hypothesis of perfect 24-hour BP control by renal denervation, 256 History, 257 Advances in devices, 262 Symplicity spyral system (radiofrequency thermal ablation), 262 Iberis® system, 264 Paradise system (ultrasonic thermal ablation), 264 Peregrine system (trans-arterial alcohol injection), 265 Other energy modalities, 266 Evidence for renal denervation treatment of hypertension from Sham-controlled trials, 266 SPYRAL trials, 266 Radiance-Htn Solo study, 268 Evidence from Japanese populations, 269 The Global Symplicity Registry (GSR), 269 Safety of the renal denervation procedure, 270 24-hour BP lowering profile for cardiovascular protection, 270 Responders and clinical indications, 272 7 Blood pressure linked telemedicine and telecare, 278 Anticipation medicine, 278 Innovation technology, 280 Concept of “trigger” management, 282 Multisensors and the real-time hybrid Wi-SUN/Wi-Fi transmission system, 283 AI and anticipation models, 284 Development of wearable beat-by-beat (surge) BP monitoring, 285 Surge index, 292 Disaster cardiovascular prevention (DCAP) network, 294 Successful anticipation model of ICT-based BP control, 302 Disaster hypertension, 302 COVID-19 era, 305 8 Asia perspectives, 311 What is the HOPE Asia Network?, 311 HOPE Asia Network achievements, 312 Characteristics of cardiovascular disease in Asia, 315 Obesity and salt intake in Asia, 315 24-hour ambulatory BP profile in Asia, 320 Asia BP@Home Study, 325 References, 328 Index, 368