Economic Geography

List of Figures xi List of Tables xv List of Boxes xvii Preface to the Third Edition xix Acknowledgements xxvi Part I Conceptual Foundations 1 1 Geography: How do we think spatially? 3 1.1 Introduction: Message in a Bottle 3 1.2 Bottled Water: A Contentious Commodity 7 1.3 Location and Patterns in Space 11 1.4 The Uniqueness of Place 15 1.5 Connecting Across Space Through Networks 20 1.6 Defining and Controlling Space Through Territory 26 1.7 Summary 30 2 The Economy: What does it mean? 36 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 What ‘Counts’ as the Economy? 38 2.3 A Brief History of ‘the Economy’ 44 2.4 Basic Economic Processes 50 2.5 From Economics to Economic Geography 55 2.6 Summary 65 3 Dynamics of Capitalism: Why is economic growth so uneven? 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Uneven Development – Naturally! 73 3.3 Fundamentals of the Capitalist System 74 3.4 The Spaces and Scales of Uneven Geographical Development 82 3.5 Can Places and Regions Chart Their Own Futures? 93 3.6 Summary 98 4 Networks: How is the world economy interconnected? 102 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 The Missing Relations Between Producers and Consumers? 105 4.3 Production Networks: Connecting Distant Places and Economies 108 4.4 Bringing Commodities Together: The Logistics Revolution 123 4.5 Where Does a Production Network End? From Waste to Commodities Again 127 4.6 Summary 129 Part II Key Economic Actors 135 5 Transnational Corporations: How do they keep it all together? 137 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 The Myth of Being Everywhere, Effortlessly 139 5.3 The Changing Organization of TNCs 142 5.4 Organizing Transnational Economic Activities 1 – Intra‐firm Relationships 146 5.5 Organizing Transnational Economic Activities 2 – Inter‐firm Relationships 155 5.6 The Risks of Global Presence 164 5.7 Summary 167 6 Labour: Are migrant workers the new normal? 171 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 Are Migrants the Problem? 174 6.3 Territorial Power and Migrant Types 178 6.4 Migrant Labour and Places of Settlement 183 6.5 Migrant Labour and Places of Origin 189 6.6 Organizing Migrant Labour 192 6.7 The Migration Industry 197 6.8 Summary 200 7 Consumers: Who decides what we buy? 206 7.1 Introduction 206 7.2 Towards Viewing Consumption as a Sociocultural Process 209 7.3 The Shifting Spatial Patterns of Retailing 213 7.4 Uneven Geographies of Consumption 232 7.5 Consuming Places: Travel and Tourism 238 7.6 Summary 243 8 Finance: How has capital become so powerful? 247 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 How is the Real Economy Financed? 251 8.3 Deregulation and the Rise of Global Finance 253 8.4 Putting Global Finance in Its Place 257 8.5 Financialization: Circulating Global Capital 263 8.6 A Different Kind of Finance? 273 8.7 Summary 276 Part III Governing the Economy 281 9 States: Who runs the economy? 283 9.1 Introduction 283 9.2 Neo‐liberal Globalization and the End of the State? 286 9.3 The State as the Architect of the National Economy 289 9.4 Varieties of Capitalisms and States 301 9.5 Graduated Sovereignty and the State 309 9.6 Summary 309 10 International Institutions: How do they govern and foster global development? 314 10.1 Introduction 314 10.2 A Market Mechanism for the ‘Global South’? 317 10.3 Governing the Global Economy 319 10.4 Fostering Development in the Global South 331 10.5 Bottom‐Up? The Rise of Community‐Based Development 339 10.6 Summary 340 11 Environment: Does global climate change change everything? 345 11.1 Introduction 345 11.2 Climate Complacency 348 11.3 Causes and Sources of Climate Change 351 11.4 The Impacts and Costs of Climate Change 356 11.5 Regulating Emissions 360 11.6 Geographies of the Green Economy 368 11.7 Should this Change Everything? 373 11.8 Summary 375 Part IV Social and Cultural Dimensions 381 12 Clusters: Why does proximity matter? 383 12.1 Introduction 383 12.2 Industrial Location Theory 387 12.3 Towards a Typology of Clusters? 390 12.4 Binding Clusters Together: Agglomeration Economies 398 12.5 Untraded Interdependencies and Regional Cultures of Production 402 12.6 A Dynamic Approach to Clusters 409 12.7 Can Clusters Be Temporary? 412 12.8 Summary 415 13 Identities: Are economies gendered and racialized? 420 13.1 Introduction 420 13.2 Seeing Gender and Race in the Economy 422 13.3 Uneven Geographies of Gender and Work 425 13.4 Gender, Race, and the Labour Market 432 13.5 Identity and the Workplace 433 13.6 Ethnic Clusters and Networks 437 13.7 Intersecting Identities 446 13.8 Summary 448 14 Alternatives: Can we create diverse economies? 453 14.1 Introduction 453 14.2 Beyond a ‘Capitalocentric’ View of the Economy 456 14.3 Alternative Markets 461 14.4 Alternative Enterprises 465 14.5 Alternative Working 473 14.6 Alternative Property 477 14.7 The Limits to Diverse Economies? 481 14.8 Summary 485 Part V Conclusion 489 15 Economic Geography: Intellectual journeys and future horizons 491 15.1 Introduction 491 15.2 A Changing Field 493 15.3 A Changing World 505 15.4 Summary 510 Index 515