While citizens experiment with illegal drugs, their governments experiment with regulations to prohibit drugs. Scholars, analysts, and policy makers who know what legal prohibitions other countries have tried and found successful will have a better chance of crafting effective drug policy for their countries. This special issue of The Annals describes the experiences of eleven countries: Australia, Canada, Columbia, Denmark, France, Iran, Jamaica, Mexico, Portugal, Russia, and Sweden. Articles are grouped by geography and wealth: the wealthy West, the western hemisphere, and the transition countries.
The drug problems of wealthy Western nations have generally worsened since the 1960s. Some have no clearly articulated vision behind their drug policy (e.g. Denmark); others have tough policies (e.g. Sweden). France and Portugal both recently instituted sharp changes in drug policy. While no outcome results are yet available from Portugal, France has experience a huge increase in the number of users in treatment. Australia′s strong harm-reduction policy remains in place despite increasing heroin deaths and other drug-related problems.
U.S. consumption and U.S. international drug policies affect western hemisphere countries′ policy as well as generate problems for them. Although Mexican drug use remains at modest levels, the country faces violent and powerful criminal groups. The groups′ creation is related to Mexico′s role as the principal source and primary transshipment route for drugs bound for the U.S. IN Jamaica, another route for cocaine shipped to the U.S. and another focus of U.S. international drug policy, drug trafficking has exacerbated the long-standing problem of politically related gang violence by increasing the moneys and weapons involved. Drug use is a relatively minor concern of Columbian policy, also under U.S. pressure; instead, it focuses on trafficking and related corruption and violence.
Iran and Russia are countries in transition. Contending with fundamental economic and social change following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has had little political debate regarding its highly intolerant drug policy. Iran′s drug policies have frequently shifted during its long history of dealing with opiate abuse, from harsh punishment to regulation of use and back again. Most recently, more therapeutically oriented approaches have been tried.
Two articles address geographically broader issues. One shows how U.S. politicians distorted results from a study of needle exchange in Vancouver. The other discusses creation of a new regulatory regime for governing developed nations′ banking systems, in the belief that illegal drugs account for a substantial fraction of suspicious financial transactions, particularly across national borders.
ARTICLES Preface: The Varieties of Drug Control at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century - Robert MacCoun and Peter Reuter Danish Drug Policy: An Ambivalent Balance Between Repression and Welfare - Lau Laursen and Jorgen Jepsen Policy Paradigms, Ideas, and Interests: The Case of the French Public Health Policy Toward Drug Abuse - Henri Bergeron and Pierre Kopp Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portugal: The Development of a Policy - Mirjam van het Loo, Ineke van Beusekom, and James P. Kahan Swedish Drug Policy in the Twenty-First Century: A Policy Model Going Astray - Leif Lenke and Boerje Olsson Harm Minimization in a Prohibition Context: Australia - Gabriele Bammer, Wayne Hall, Margaret Hamilton, and Robert Ali Science, Ideology, and Needle Exchange Programs - Martin T. Schechter Illegal Drugs in Columbia: From Illegal Economic Boom to Social Crisis - Francisco E. Thoumi Policy Paradox: Implications of U.S. Drug Control Policy for Jamaica - Marlyn J. Jones Mexico′s War on Drugs: No Margin for Maneuver - Jorge Chabat The Drug Market in Iran - Fariborz Raisdana with the cooperation of Ahmad Gharavi Nakhjavani The Price of Freedom: Illegal Drug Markets and Policies in Post-Soviet Russia - Letizia Paoli Money Laundering and Its Regulation - Michael Levi Review Article: Black Flower: Prisons and the Future of Incarceration - Marie Gottschalk
