Coal in Victorian Britain, Part I

Part I Volume 1: Useful Knowledge A Survey 'The Collieries', Penny Magazine (1835) The Uses of Coal Energy and its Transmission Fire: Heating: Practical Economy: Or, The Application of Modern Discoveries to the Purposes of Domestic Life (1821)*; 'On Warming and Ventilating', Quarterly Review (1854)*. Fire: Cooking: Practical Economy: Or, The Application of Modern Discoveries ... (1821)*. Steam: Sir William Armstrong, 'Centenary of the Steam Engine of Watt' (1869)*. Steam: Pumping: From The Engineer, 'Report to the Metropolitan Board of Works' (1875). Steam: Navigation: 'Steam Communication with India', The Penny Magazine (1842)*; 'The Manchester and Liverpool Rail-Road', The Penny Magazine (1833); 'A day at a cotton factory', Penny Magazine (1842). Steam: Locomotion: 'The Manchester and Liverpool Rail-Road', Penny Magazine (1833). Steam: Manufacturing: 'A Day at a Cotton Factory', Penny Magazine (1843). Gas: William Murdock, 'An Account of the Application of the Gas from Coal to OEconomical Purposes ... Read before the Royal Society' (1808); Stevenson Macadam, The Sanitary Aspects of Cooking and Heating by Coal Gas (1892). Electricity: The Telegraph: 'Electricity and the Electric Telegraph', Cornhill Magazine (1860)*. Electricity: Lighting: 'Electricity as a Light-Producer', Chambers's Journal (1877); 'The Prime Minister on Electricity', Saturday Review (1889). Energy and Matter: Coke and Metal Manufacture Coke: A L Steavenson, 'The Manufacture of Coke in the Newcastle and Durham Districts (1859-60)*. Metal: 'Mineral Kingdom: Iron', Penny Magazine (1834). Matter: Coal Distillation: Edward A Martin, The Story of a Piece of Coal (1896)*. Tars and Ammonia: From 'Some Account of Coal Tar and its Properties', Tradesman, or Commercial Magazine (1809). Colours: 'Colour in the Coal-Scuttle', The Leisure Hour (1863). Tastes and Aromas: 'Saccharin', Colliery Guardian (1886). The Nuisances of Coal '[A Description of the Staffordshire Collieries]', Knight's Quarterly Magazine (1822). Subsidence: John Buddle, 'On Subsidences Produced by Working Beds of Coal' (1839); Joseph Dickinson, 'On Subsidence to the Surface Caused by Colliery Workings' (1859). Pit Heaps and Colliery Tips, Soot and Ashes: 'A Burning Pit-Heap: Alleged Extraordinary Effects', Northern Echo (1895); Sydney Smith, 'An account of the Proceedings of the Society for Superseding the Necessity of Climbing Boys' (1818)*; 'Juvenile Chimney-Sweeps', Ragged School Union Magazine (1875). Smoke: Rollo Russell, London Fogs (1880)*; C S 'The Smoke Question' (1895-6); 'London of the Future', British Architect (1914). River Pollution: V B Kennett-Barrington, 'River Pollution by Refuse from Manufactories and Mines Together with Some Remedies Proposed' (1883)*; H Maclean Wilson, 'The Pollution of Streams by Spent Gas-Liquors from Coke Ovens And the Methods Adopted for its Prevention' (1909-10)*. Knowledge: Exploration and Geology John Scafe, King Coal's Levee, or Geological Etiquette (1819)*; John Buddle, 'Search for Coal in a Part of the Counties of Roxburgh and Berwickshire' (1807)* Knowledge: Engineering Boring, Sinking and Explosives: Matthias Dunn, A Treatise on the Winning and Working of Collieries (1848)*; Major Beaumont, 'On Rock Boring by the Diamond Drill, and Recent Applications of the Process' (1875)*; From Donald M D Stuart, 'The Development of Explosives for Coal-Mines' (1904-5)*. Pumping: William Waller, 'On Pumping Water' (1866-7). Ventilation and the Chemistry and Physics of Colliery Atmospheres: Matthias Dunn, A Treatise on the Winning and Working of Collieries (1848)*; William Cochrane, 'Description of Guibal's Ventilator, at Elswick Colliery' (1864-5)*; S F Peckham, 'On the Explosion of the Flouring Mills at Minneapolis (1878). Illumination and Communication: Nicholas Wood, 'On Safety Lamps for Lighting Coal Mines' (1852-3)*; T S J, 'Safety Lamps' (1882)*; Henry White, 'The Coad Electric Miner's Lamp' (1892-3)*; 'The Telephone in Colliery Workings', Colliery Guardian (1880). Haulage: Nicholas Wood, 'On the Conveyance of Coals Underground in Coal Mines' (1854-5)*; W Galloway, 'Secondary Haulage' (1896-7)*. Surface Works: Matthias Dunn, A Treatise on the Winning and Working of Collieries (1848); Edward Brownfield Wain, 'Colliery Surface Works' (1894). Knowledge: Physiology and Medicine Horses and Ponies: Charles Hunting, 'The Feeding and Management of Colliery Horses' (1882-3)*. Men and Boys: 'The Milroy Lectures on the Hygienic Aspect of the Coalmining Industry in the United Kingdom', British Medical Journal (1914)*. The Growth of Knowledge T Lindsay Galloway, 'On the Present Condition of Mining in Some of the Principal Coal-Producing Districts of the Continent' (1877-8)*. The Engineering Institutes and the Education of Engineers and Miners Nicholas Wood, 'Inaugural Address Delivered to the Members of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers' (1852-3)*; T J Taylor, 'Prospectus of a College of Practical Mining and Manufacturing Science' (1855-6)*; Henry Davies, Coal Mining: A Reader For Primary Schools and Evening Classes (1906)*. Volume 2: Organization and Production The State and Property Edward R Hartley, Socialism and Coal (1909); 'State Control of South Wales Coal', Colliery Guardian (1916); 'Notes from the Coalfields', Colliery Guardian (1916)*; 'Significance of the South Wales Settlement', Colliery Guardian (1916). Land 'In re The Chatterley Iron Company', Colliery Guardian (1888); Mining Association of Great Britain, 'Mining Royalties' (1886)*. Labour The Formation of a 'Free' Labour Market and its Regulation: Scottish Serfdom: Reuben Percy [pseud.] and Sholto Percy [pseud.], 'Slavery of Colliers' (1821). The Annual Bond of the North East: 'Durham Assizes: Bell v. Sir W Chaytor and Others', Newcastle Courant (1843); 'Northumberland Assizes Concluded: Williamson v. Taylor and Others', Newcastle Courant (1843); 'Meeting of Pitmen on the Black Fell', Newcastle Courant (1858)*; 'Conference Between Durham Coal Owners and Workmen in Newcastle - Abolition of the Yearly Bond', Newcastle Courant (1872). Truck and Debt: An Observer, '[Letter] To the Editor of the Bristol Mercury', Bristol Mercury (1822); John H Moggridge, 'Payment of Workmen's Wages In any Other Way than in Money ', Bristol Mercury (1822); S Etheridge, '[Letter to the Bristol Mercury] (1822). Tied Housing: 'Eviction of Pitmen at Durham', Daily Gazette (1877). The Exclusion of Women and Children: Robert Bald, A General View of the Coal Trade of Scotland ... to Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Condition of the Women who Carry Coals Under Ground (1812)*; John Pilkington Norris, On the Employment of Children (1860)*. Informal Control: 'The Haggs and Its People', Glasgow Herald (1873)*. The Exclusion of Non-Unionists: 'Miners' Riot', Newcastle Courant (1867). The Formation of a Labour Force: Internal Migration: From the 1881 Census of England: Colliery Cottages and New Colliery Cottages, Throckley, Northumberland (1881); From the 1881 Census of England: Fitzwilliam Terrace, Kinsley, Yorkshire (1881). Statistics of a Pit Village: 'First Report of a Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science' (1839)*. Capital and Profit George Elliot, [Estimated Cost of Winning and Likely Profit of Working a Colliery in North Durham] (1845); A M Chambers, Mr A M Chambers' Report upon Thorncliffe Collieries (1881). The Organization of Production and Distribution Collieries: Management and Inspection: From 'Coal Mines and Colliers', The Saturday Review (1879)*. Management thorugh Sub-Contract: 'Butties' and 'Doggies': 'The Dudley Scientific, Art, and Industrial Exhibition: Conference on Practical Mining', Birmingham Daily Post (1864). The Duties of a Colliery Manager: 'Coalmining and the Duties of Colliery Managers', Colliery Guardian (1890)*. Methods of Working: Matthias Dunn, A Treatise on the Winning and Working of Collieries (1848)*. The Division of Labour: John Adley, The Coal Trade: A Descriptive Poem (1818); 'Organization of Underground Labour in Coal-Mining', Colliery Guardian (1848). Colliery Districts: Local Public Goods in Production: Drainage and Rivers: Matthias Dunn, A Treatise on the Winning and Working of Collieries (1848)*; 'The Mines Drainage Question at Tipton', Birmingham Daily Post (1869); The Newcastle and Gateshead Chamber of Commerce, '[Memorial] To Her Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council' (1871). Transport and Distribution: Horse and Cart: '[A Review of A] General View of the Coal Trade of Scotland... By Robert Bald', Farmer's Magazine (1808). Coastal Shipping: The Coal Trade (1830); Robert Anderson, A Brief Exposition of the Present State of the Coal Trade between the Shipping Ports in the North of England and London (1839)*. Rail: Hyde Clarke, Contributions to Railway Statistics in 1845, 1847, & 1848 (1849)*. Technical Change Mechanization: 'Coal-Cutting by Machinery: Its Probable Influence on the Future of Coal-Mining Industry', Colliery Guardian (1874). Electrification: J A Longden, 'The Electrical Exhibition at Paris, 1881' (1881-2)*; 'The Electric Light at Earnock Colliery', Colliery Guardian (1881). Materials: The End of the Wooden World: E F Melly, 'Use of Steel Girders and Props in Coal-Mines' (1896-7); W R Crane, 'The Use of Concrete for Mine Support' (1908-9)*. Law and Arbitration In Chancery: Tempest v. Ord: Office Copy Report as to Railway (1817). The Administration of the Law: Property: '[Thomas Hinchliffe v. Monckton Main Colliery Co], Damage to Crops', Colliery Guardian (1890); 'Consett Waterworks Company v. Ritson', Colliery Guardian (1888-9); 'Hanley & Bucknall Colliery Co v. Perrins', Colliery Guardian (1885). Employment: 'Fine for Leaving Work Withouth Notice', Colliery Guardian (1880); 'Ceasing Work without Notice', Colliery Guardian (1890). The Coal Mines Acts: 'Carelessness of Miners', Colliery Guardian (1885); 'Reckless Miners', Colliery Guardian (1890); 'A Colliery Manager Fined', Colliery Guardian (1890). Exchange: H Golding, A Complete Elucidation of the Frauds in the Coal Trade by a Gentleman, Who Was Many Years a Coal Meter (1819). The Law's Delays: 'Phillips v. Homfray & Fothergill v. Collins', Colliery Guardian (1890). Arbitration: 'Alleged Colliery Subsidence at Cockfield', Colliery Guardian (1890); 'Important Colliery Prosecution', Colliery Guardian (1890); 'The Coedcae and Hafod Arbitration', Colliery Guardian (1886); 'Mining Arbitration', Colliery Guardian (1885). The People of the Trade The Absence of Women: Extracts from the Diaries of Anne Lister, coal royalty owner; C Wilkins, The South Wales Coal Trade and its Allied Industries, concerning Lucy Thomas (1888)*; From the Correspondence of Frances Anne Emily Vane-Tempest, Marchioness of Londonderry and Coal Owner (1854-8); Lady Rhondda, 'Business and Commerce [as Careers for Girls]' (1928). The Heroes of the Industry: Stephenson and Davy: Nicholas Wood, 'Address on the Two Late Eminent Engineers, the Messrs Stephenson, Father and Son' (1859-60)*; 'To the Memory of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.', Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction (1829); J F C, 'Lines on the Death of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.', Mirror of Literature, Amusement and Instruction (1829); 'Paris's Life of Davy: Secondary Rewards of Science, and Primary Ignorance of the Aristocracy', Examiner (1831). Pioneers and Leaders: John Buddle: 'Births, Deaths, Marriages and Obituaries', Newcastle Courant etc (1843); '[His Funeral] Newcastle, Oct. 20', Newcastle Courant etc (1843); 'The Late Mr. John Buddle', The Times (1843). Walter Coffin: C Wilkins, The South Wales Coal Trade and its Allied Industries (1888)*. Archibald Hood: C Wilkins, The South Wales Coal Trade and its Allied Industries (1888)*. Thomas Powell: C Wilkins, The South Wales Coal Trade and its Allied Industries (1888)*. Organization The District Associations: Rules of the Association of Coal Masters of South Yorkshire (1860); From W Gascoyne Dalziel, Records of the Several Coal Owners' Associations of Monmouthshire and South Wales, 1864 to 1895 (1895)*. The Mining Association of Great Britain: Nicholas Wood, Prospectus of the Mining Association of Great Britain (1856); [Mining Association of Great Britain], Suggested Scheme for Reconstruction of the Coal Owners' Federation (1894)*. Policy: Monopoly and Competion Monopoly: The Vend: 'Pro Bono Publico', 'Frauds which Have Been Practised in the Coal Trade', Gentleman's Magazine (1800); 'Trial and Conviction of the Coal Owners for Conspiring Against the Pitmen and the Public', Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser (1844)*. Competition: the Collapse of Transport Costs: W D Holmes, Civil Engineer, on the Midland Grand Junction Railway [&c], Report (1837)*. The Hankering after the Old Ways of the Trade and the Movements Towards the New Monopoly: '[Report of a meeting of] The South Yorkshire Steam Coalowners' Association', Colliery Guardian (1889); '[Report of a meeting of] The South Yorkshire Steam Coalowners' Association', Colliery Guardian (1890); A Scheme for Regulating and Reorganising the Sale and Distribution of Fuel (1896); [Mining Association of Great Britain], Coal Schemes: Memorandum (1896). Victorian Retrospects and Prospects James Tonge, 'Coal Mining in 1850 and 1890: A Few Contrasts' (1890-2)*. Volume 3: The Problems of the World Risks and Returns Risk and Liability The Risks to Life and Limb: Accidents and Assaults Mining Association of Great Britain, Employers' Liability for Injuries (1879); The United Coal Trade Association, Cost of Colliery Accidents From 1879 to 1880 (c.1880); 'The Cost of Colliery Accidents', Colliery Guardian (1890); John Thomas Jeffcock, Parkin Jeffcock, Civil and Mining Engineer: A Memoir by His Brother (1867)*; 'The Colliers' Strike in South Lancashire', The Times (1868)*; 'Strike Disturbance at Leeds', The Times (1911). Insurance: Articles, Rules, Orders & Regulations of the Colliery Viewers' Society (1821); Rules and Conditions of the Coal Trade Association for Insurance on Policy (1839)*; W Gascoyne Dalziel, Records of the Several Coal Owners' Associations of Monmouthshire and South Wales, 1864 to 1895 (1895)*. Dearness and Scarcity, Cheapness and Glut: The Instability of the Trade: From 'Among the Pitmen', Pall Mall Gazette (1894)*. Production and Market Risks and their Allocation: Royalty Owner, Colliery Owner abd Miner: 'The Blanks that are Drawn in Mining Lottery', Colliery Guardian (1881); Edward Cockburn, 'The Strike in the Coal Trade - Mineral Royalties' (1885); James Joicey, 'The Alleged Huge Profits of the Coal Trade' (1901). Financial Risks: Bankruptcy and Liquidation: From the Local and National Press Concerning Dan Rylands (1849-1910) (1893-1910). Profits and Losses: 'The Coal Trade', Westminster Review (1843)*; G P Bidder, 'The Profits of Coal-Pits' (1894)*; J B Simpson, Capital Labour in Coal Mining (1900); T Richardson and J A Walbank, Profits and Wages in the British Coal Trade (1898-1910) (1911)*. Costs and Efficiency: Costs Wages and Hours: The Eight Hour Day: From The Eight Hours Movement (Coal Mines): Proceedings at a Joint Conference of Representative Coal Owners and the Miners' Federation ... (1891)*. Wages and Hours: The Movement Towards a Minimum Wage: Durham Coal Trade Arbitrations (1876)*; T Richardson and J A Walbank, Profits and Wages in the British Coal Trade (1898-1910) (1911)*. Freight Rates and the Railway Companies: 'The Battle for the Coal Trade', The Saturday Review (1865); Report of Mr J R Breckon on Railway Rates, Etc (1882). Efficiency in Production: Isaac Hodges, 'Increase of Working-Costs in Coal-Mines during the Past Half-Century, the Rate of Increase, and the Causes Thereof' (1910-11). Efficiency in Transport: 'The Collier Brig', Leisure Hour (1855); 'The Coal Trade between London and the North-Eastern Ports - The Use of the Telegraph; A Profitable Prospect', Colliery Guardian (1858); J D Twinberrow, 'Capacity of Railway Wagons as Affecting Cost of Transport' (1900)*; Henry S C Ree, 'Mechanical Appliances Used in the Shipping of Coal at the Bute Docks, Cardiff' (1906)*. Efficiency in Use: '[Report of a Paper Read by F W Bramwell] on [the] Economy of Fuel in Steam Navigation' (1872)*; James R Napier, 'On the Economy of Fuel in Domestic Arrangements' (1873-5)*; J S Jeans, 'On the Consumption and Economy of Fuel in the Iron and Steel Manufacture' (1883)*; H E Armstrong, 'The Provident Use of Coal [A Summary]' (1910)*. Sustainability: The Duration of The Coal Introduction: 'Mrs Brown on the Coal Question', Fun (1866); '[A] Colliery Director', A Warning Voice from the British Coal Field: Or, Coal Exhaustion and its Remedy (1885)*. Estimates of Duration: 'A Curious Statement Showing the Probability, at Some Distant Period, of a Failure of the Coal Mines', The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure (1801); 'Our Supposed Inexhaustible Stores of Coal', The Penny Magazine (1844); G C Greenwell, 'The Duration of the Coal of Great Britain and Ireland' (1882-3)*. Deep Workings: From Emerson Bainbridge, 'On Coal Mining in Deep Workings' (1870)*. The Search for New Fields: Sir Roderick I Murchison, 'On the Parts of England and Wales in which Coal May and May Not be Looked for Beyond the Known Coal Fields' (1866); 'Discovery of a Coalfield in Kent', Colliery Guardian (1890); From Local Press Reports and the 'Provisional Committee, Proposed Prospectus and Geological Reports' of the Eastern Counties Coal Boring and Development Syndicate (1891-5); George Dunston, Black Diamonds from the New Eastern Coalfields (1910)*. The Rise of the New Industrial Powers: The USA 'Extensive Coal Fields', The Mirror of Literature, Amusement and Instruction (1830); 'The Coal Trade', Westminster Review (1843)*; 'The Comparative Costs of Working Coal', Colliery Guardian (1886)*. The British State in Coal Powered World The Naval Conversion to Coal: 'Our Screw-Navy', Chambers's Journal (1859). Coaling Stations: From George Robert Parkin, 'The Geographical Unity of the British Empire' (1894)*; From Lt Col Sir R Lambert Playfair, KCMG, 'Reminiscences' (1899)*; 'Port Hamilton', The Saturday Review (1886); Basil Thomson, 'The Samoa Agreement in Plain English' (1899). The Naval Conversion to Oil and the Birth of Neo-Imperialism: 'The Navy and Fuel Oil: Some Essential Factors', The Times Engioneering Supplement (1912); 'Coal and Oil: The Question of Fuel for the Fleet: Conflicting Arguments', The Times (1913); 'Government and Oil Properties: Arrangement with the Anglo-Persian Company', The Times (1914); Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher, 'Lord Fisher on the Navy' (1919)*. Internationalism and Imperialism The Latin American Disaster 1825-40: From [Benjamin Disraeli], An Inquiry into the Plans, Progress, and Policy of the American Mining Companies (1825)*. India: From the Reports of a Committee for Investigating the Coal and Mineral Resources of India (1838)*; 'The Raneegunge Coal Field, Bengal', Colliery Guardian (1872)*; Walter Saise, 'The Kurhurballee Coal-Field' (1880-1)*. Russia: '[The Progress of Russian Coalmining]', Colliery Guardian (1882); 'Coal in Russia', Colliery Guardian (1886); Joseph Crankshaw, 'Coal Mining in South Russia' (1898-1900). China: Thomas Young Hall, 'On the Progress of Coal Mining Industry in China' (1865-6); 'This Evening's News: Coal in China', Pall Mall Gazette (1873); 'Coals and Colliers' Wages', Birmingham Daily Post (1873)*; Baron von Richthofen, 'The Distribution of Coal in China [A Summary]' (1873); Frederick N Newcome, 'The Development of the Coal Fields of China' (1882); Report by Mr J G H Glass ...On the Concessions of the Pekin Syndicate, Limited in the Provinces of Shanai and Honan, China (1899). Labuan,Sarawak and North Borneo: 'Indian Steam Navigation and Coal Supply', The Examiner (1860); Report of a Meeting ... for the Discussion of Affairs in Borneo (1879)*. Imperialism and Economic Warfare: From Capt J C R Colomb, RMA, 'The Naval and Military Resources of the Colonies' (1879)*. Coal, Oil and Natural Gas: The End of the British Coal Economy 'Oil or Coal?', Colliery Guardian (1886); 'Natural Gas', Colliery Guardian (1886); 'Substitutes for Coal', Colliery Guardian (1889); 'Motor-car Mania', Review of Reviews (1898); F S S, 'Oil Fuel versus Coal' (1913).