"Subscription-video-on-demand (SVOD) services are available on many online video streaming platforms (VSPs)
in China, such as iQiyi, Youku and Tencent Video, backed by Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent groups (BAT), respectively.
The video content on these platforms can be the same shows as those broadcasted on national or provincial
television stations, or originally produced and exclusively streamed on the VSP. Meanwhile, VSPs purchase the distribution rights of foreign films and
television series to enrich the content pool. By way of example, the first
season of the U.S. sitcom Friends (1994) is now available on Tencent Video.
The content on VSPs can be viewed on a computer screen, iPad, or cell phone
or be streamed via a TV box on the back of the television screen, facilitated
by 4G or 5G networks. Many audiences may not sit in front of the TV screen
with family members and may prefer watching content alone on a screen of their own and interacting with other viewers through bullet screen comments. As Michael Curtin has suggested, television is ""no longer a broadcast medium
or a network medium, or even a multichannel medium; television had become a
matrix medium, an increasingly flexible and dynamic mode of communication"", characterized by ""interactive exchanges, multiple sites of productivity and
diverse modes of interpretation and use"" (Curtin 2009, 13).
This book aims to provide an account of Chinese television, particularly
online drama series, or webisodes, with an awareness of the existence and
competition of Netflix. Currently, Chinese VSPs of webisodes cannot defeat
Netflix in terms of production value, nor can they be like Netflix, as is the
case for its Belgian alternative (Raats & Evans 2021). We can analyze the
strategies that these VSPs deployed for survival and development. As of
December 2012, the number of internet users in China reached one billion,
among which 99.7 percent go online through mobile phones, and 33 percent
through televisions (CNNIC 2022, 11-17). However, as Zhao Jing (2017) has
argued, the media convergence of broadcasting, telecommunications and the
Internet is far more complicated than technology convergence. It involves
negotiations of power relations, commercial interests and national cultural
security concerns. What is available to the one billion internet users
watching webisodes today is achieved through ""bumpy roads towards convergence"".
Traditional models of TV drama distribution are being transgressed. China Central Television (CCTV) and provincial stations no longer dominate the market.TV drama release schedules have changed from ""TV station first,
internet later"" strategies to synchronous schedules, or even ""internet first,
TV station later"" strategies (Fan & Chen 2021, 8). Audiences aged from 18
to 30 represent 67.2% of the audience of TV dramas online (ibid, 5). The
relationship between state administration and VSP marketization is by no
means straightforward or easy to grasp. It is a consensus among Chinese television scholars that there is a paradox between implementing a neoliberal
strategy of marketization and maintaining control over ideology and national cultural security (Zhao 1998; Fung 2009; Wang & Lobato 2009). TV drama production and consumption are at the center of this paradoxical
relationship. This book covers topics on business strategies of VSPs,
original content production trends, trans-media stories telling cases, practitioner insights and audiences behaviour."