CBRN Protection

"Foreword XV Preface XVII About the Editors XIX List of Contributors XXIII Part I History and Treaties in CBRN -- Warfare and Terrorism 1 1 A Glance Back -- Myths and Facts about CBRN Incidents 3 Andre Richardt and Frank Sabath 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 History of Chemical Warfare 4 1.3 Introduction to Biological Warfare 13 1.4 Introduction to Radiological and Nuclear Warfare 22 2 International Treaties -- Only a Matter for Diplomats? 39 Martin Schaarschmidt 2.1 Introduction to the Minefield of Negotiations 39 2.2 Why It Is so Difficult to Implement International Regulations? 42 2.3 Historic Development of Treaties -- the Link to the Incidents 46 2.4 Today's System of Treaties -- a Global Network 47 2.5 Nuclear Weapons 54 2.6 Organizations 63 2.7 Conclusions and Where Does the Road Lead? 64 Part II CBRN Characteristics -- Is There Something Inimitable? 67 3 Chemical Agents -- Small Molecules with Deadly Properties 69 Hans-Jurgen Altmann, Silke Oelze, and Bernd Niemeyer 3.1 Are Special Properties Required for Chemical Warfare Agents? 69 3.2 How can we Classify Chemical Warfare Agents? 71 3.3 Properties of Chemical Warfare Agents 78 3.4 Choking and Irritant Agents 97 3.5 Incapacitating Agents 99 3.6 Dissemination Systems of Chemical Warfare Agents 99 3.7 Conclusions and Outlook 101 4 Characteristics of Biological Warfare Agents -- Diversity of Biology 103 Birgit Hulseweh 4.1 What Is Special? 104 4.2 Types of Biological Agents 104 4.3 Risk Classification of Biological and Biological Warfare Agents 110 4.4 Routes of Entry 114 4.5 Origin, Spreading, and Availability 118 4.6 The Biological Event -- Borderline to Pandemics, Endemics, and Epidemics 121 4.7 The Bane of Biotechnology -- Genetically Engineered Pathogens 121 4.8 Conclusions and Outlook 123 5 Characteristics of Nuclear and Radiological Weapons 125 Ronald Rambousky and Frank Sabath 5.1 Introduction to Nuclear Explosions 126 5.2 Direct Effects 133 5.3 Indirect Effects 149 5.4 Radiological Weapons 159 Part III CBRN Sensors -- Key Technology for an Effective CBRN Countermeasure Strategy 167 6 Why Are Reliable CBRN Detector Technologies Needed? 169 Birgit Hulseweh, Hans-Jurgen Marschall, Ronald Rambousky, and Andre Richardt 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 A Concept to Track CBRN Substances 170 6.3 Low-Level Exposure and Operational Risk Management 175 6.4 Conclusions and Outlook 177 7 Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents -- Searching for Molecules 179 Andre Richardt, Martin Jung, and Bernd Niemeyer 7.1 Analytical Chemistry -- the Scientific Basis for Searching Molecules 180 7.2 Standards for Chemical Warfare Agent Sensor Systems and Criteria for Deployment 182 7.3 False Alarm Rate and Limit of Sensitivity 184 7.4 Technologies for Chemical Warfare Agent Sensor Systems 185 7.5 Testing of Chemical Warfare Agent Detectors 203 7.6 Conclusions and Future Developments 206 8 Detection and Analysis of Biological Agents 211 Birgit Hulseweh and Hans-Jurgen Marschall 8.1 What Makes the Difference? 212 8.2 The Ideal Detection and Identification Platform 215 8.3 Bioaerosols: Particulate and Biological Background 216 8.4 Aerosol Detection -- A Tool for Threat Monitoring 217 8.5 Sampling of Biological Agents 223 8.6 Identification of Biological Warfare Agents 229 8.7 Developing and Upcoming Technologies 238 8.8 Conclusions 239 9 Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 243 Ronald Rambousky 9.1 Why Is Detection of Ionizing Radiation So Important? 244 9.2 Physical Quantities used to Describe Radioactivity and Ionizing Radiation 248 9.3 Different Measuring Tasks Concerning Ionizing Radiation 251 9.4 Basics of Radiation Detectors 256 9.5 Gamma Dose Rate and Detection of Gamma Radiation 266 9.6 Conclusions and Outlook 271 Part IV Technologies for Physical Protection 273 10 Filter Technology -- Clean Air is Required 275 Andre Richardt and Thomas Dawert 10.1 Filters -- Needed Technology Equipment for Collective and Individual Protection 275 10.2 General Considerations 276 10.3 What are the Principles for Filtration and Air-Cleaning? 278 10.4 Test Methods 286 10.5 Selection Process for CBRN Filters 290 10.6 Conclusions and Outlook 292 11 Individual Protective Equipment -- Do You Know What to Wear? 295 Karola Hagner and Friedrich Hesse 11.1 Basics of Individual Protection 296 11.2 Which Challenges for Individual Protection Equipment (IPE) Can Be Identified? 296 11.3 The Way to Design Individual Protective Equipment 298 11.4 Function 299 11.5 Ergonomics -- a Key Element for Individual Protection Equipment 301 11.6 Donning and Doffing -- Training Is Required 305 11.7 Overview of IPE Items -- They Have to Act in Concert 306 11.8 Quality Assurance 326 11.9 Workplace Safety 327 11.10 Future Prospects 327 12 Collective Protection -- A Secure Area in a Toxic Environment 331 Andre Richardt and Bernd Niemeyer 12.1 Why Is Collective Protection of Interest? 332 12.2 Collective Protection Systems -- Required for Different Scenarios 337 12.3 Basic Design 341 12.4 Conclusions and Outlook 348 Part V Cleanup after a CBRN Event 351 13 Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents -- What is Thorough? 353 Hans Jurgen Altmann, Martin Jung, and Andre Richardt 13.1 What Is Decontamination? 353 13.2 Dispersal and Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents 354 13.3 Decontamination Media for Chemical Warfare Agents 356 13.4 Selected Chemical Warfare Agents and Decont Reaction Schemes 369 13.5 Soman (GD) 372 13.6 VX 372 13.7 Catalysis in Decontamination 373 13.8 Decont Procedures 375 13.9 Conclusions and Outlook 380 14 Principles and Practice of Disinfection of Biological Warfare Agents -- How Clean is Clean Enough? 383 Andre Richardt and Birgit Hulseweh 14.1 General Principles of Disinfection and Decontamination 384 14.2 Mechanisms of Action of Biocides against Microorganisms 385 14.3 Levels of Disinfection 390 14.4 Biological Target Sites of Selected Biocides 393 14.5 The Spores Problem 395 14.6 Inactivation as Kinetic Process 399 14.7 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficiency 401 14.8 Carrier Tests versus Suspension Tests 403 14.9 Resistance to Biocide Inactivation -- a Growing Concern 405 14.10 New and Emerging Technologies for Disinfection 408 14.11 ""Is Clean Clean Enough'' or ""How Clean Is Clean Enough''? 408 15 Radiological/Nuclear Decontamination -- Reduce the Risk 411 Nikolaus Schneider 15.1 Why Is Radiological/Nuclear Decontamination So Special? 412 15.2 Contamination 414 15.3 Decontamination 418 15.4 Conclusions and Outlook 428 Part VI CBRN Risk Management -- Are We Prepared to Respond? 431 16 Preparedness 433 Marc-Michael Blum, Andre Richardt, and Kai Kehe 16.1 Introduction to Risk Management 433 16.2 Key Elements Influencing a Counter-CBRN Strategy 436 16.3 A Special Strategy for CBRN 438 16.4 Proliferation Prevention 456 16.5 Active Countermeasures 458 16.6 If Things Get Real: Responding to a CBRN Event 459 16.7 Research 473 16.8 Aftermath Action -- Lessons Learned 474 16.9 Conclusions and Outlook 475 References 476 Index 479"