"The advent of very compact, very powerful digital computers has made it possible to automate a great many processes that formerly required large, complex machinery. Digital computers have made possible revolutionary changes in industry, commerce, and transportation. This book, an expansion and revision of the author's earlier technical papers on this subject, describes the development of automation in aircraft and in the aviation system, its likely evolution in the future, and the effects that these technologies have had -- and will have -- on the human operators and managers of the system. It suggests concepts that may be able to enhance human-machine relationships in future systems. The author focuses on the ability of human operators to work cooperatively with the constellation of machines they command and control, because it is the interactions among these system elements that result in the system's success or failure, whether in aviation or elsewhere.
Aviation automation has provided great social and technological benefits, but these benefits have not come without cost. In recent years, new problems in aircraft have emerged due to failures in the human-machine relationship. These incidents and accidents have motivated this inquiry into aviation automation. Similar problems in the air traffic management system are predicted as it becomes more fully automated. In particular, incidents and accidents have occurred which suggest that the principle problems with today's aviation automation are associated with its complexity, coupling, autonomy, and opacity. These problems are not unique to aviation; they exist in other highly dynamic domains as well. The author suggests that a different approach to automation -- called ""human-centered automation"" -- offers potential benefits for system performance by enabling a more cooperative human-machine relationship in the control and management of aircraft and air traffic."
Contents: Preface. Part I: Aviation Automation: Past, Present, and Future. Statement of the Problem. The Context and Environments of Aviation. A Concept of Human-Centered Automation. Part II: The Evolution and Course of Aviation Automation. Humans and the Evolution of Industrial Automation. The Evolution of Aircraft Automation. Aircraft Automation in the Future. Air Traffic Control and Management Automation. Future Air Traffic Management Automation. Part III: The Roles of Human Operators in the Aviation System. Benefits and Costs of Aviation Automation. Human and Machine Roles: Responsibility and Authority. Integration and Coupling in the Aviation System. Part IV: Issues for Future Aviation Automation. Advanced and Novel Automation Concepts for the Future System. Requirements for Aviation Automation. Requirements for Certification of Aviation Automation. Automated Systems in Other Domains. Comments and Conclusions. Appendices: Aviation Accidents and Incidents. Wiener and Curry Guidelines for Aircraft Automation (1980).
Reviews for Aviation Automation: The Search for A Human-centered Approach
This book is a comprehensive series of chapters on the numerous aspects of automation in aviation; it provides an overview of the past, present and future, the evolution of automation, the role of human operators in the aviation system and issues for the future. It is essential reading for designers of airborne and air traffic management automated systems. -Aerospace International ...Billings uses an historical approach that makes the book available to a wider audience than just aviation specialists. This approach is to be commended....This book is not for human factors professionals or ergonomists who specialize in aviation; it is more appropriate for specialists in related fields who need to come up to speed quickly on automation problems in air traffic control and cockpits. For such individuals this book, with its background information, is probably the best single reference available. -Ergonomics Aviation Automation is an enlightened discourse written by one of the foremost authorities on this topic. It is a capable and easily accessed reference work that will likely find a favored place on the bookshelves of human factors practitioners, transportation specialists, and students, among others in the industry. -Transportation Human Factors This book brings together in one carefully structured tome the impetus for automation in aviation and the strengths and pitfalls it can confer. Throughout, the book is well illustrated allowing the reader to better understand some of the uses of automation and envisage some of the issues surrounding the importance of a good interface between the human and the automated system....There is probably no other currently available book that captures the impact--both positive and negative--of automation in any one specific domain as well as this book does. -Ergonomics Abstracts
