Automating Building Energy Management for Accelerated Building Decarbonization: System Architecture and...

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James Kempf (University of California Santa Cruz Extension)

Automating Building Energy Management for Accelerated Building Decarbonization

System Architecture and the Network Layer

James Kempf (University of California Santa Cruz Extension)

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English

Wiley-IEEE Press
31 December 2024

Energy; Electrician skills

Complete, up-to-date reference on system architecture for building energy management systems

Automating Building Energy Management for Accelerated Building Decarbonization delivers detailed technical information on building energy management control technology and guidelines to implementing and deploying building energy management systems. The book provides a detailed look at the system architecture of cloud-based building energy management systems, and a comprehensive review of technology for the networking layer, from the link layer through the application layer. Wired and wireless link layer protocols, and Internet network layer protocols from the TCP/IP suite are thoroughly reviewed, and discussed in the context of deploying an in-building, operational technology network.

At the application layer, BACnet, for large commercial and government buildings, and Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee, and Matter, for smaller commercial and residential buildings, are discussed in detail, with focus on energy management and building decarbonization. The API standards OpenAPI 3.1 and AsyncAPI 3.0 are used to define example APIs for controlling an HVAC system, illustrating how to provide API abstractions that simplify the development of building energy management applications and services. Finally, a discussion of controlling onsite distributed energy resources, such as solar panels and on-site battery storage, through SunSpec Modbus, and communicating with the utility through OpenADR and IEEE 2030.5 provide a solid technical foundation for implementing communication services in demand response and flexible load applications.

Security is emphasized as a key property for the operational technology networks that run building energy systems up and down the stack. At the architectural level, security functions including data origin authentication, confidentiality protection, and key exchange are discussed in detail. Detailed information on security protocols including IPsec at the network layer, TLS at the transport layer, and Oauth2.0 at the application layer is presented. In addition, advice on deploying security solutions in building energy management networks is provided.

Throughout the book, QR codes provide access to short videos about topics where more depth is needed or that are only briefly covered. These allow the reader to view more information about important topics.

Automating Building Energy Management for Accelerated Building Decarbonization is an essential resource for managers, engineers, and other professionals involved in designing and building energy management services for commercial and residential buildings. It is also an excellent reference for university and training courses related to building decarbonization and renewable energy.

By: James Kempf (University of California Santa Cruz Extension)
Imprint: Wiley-IEEE Press
Country of Publication: United States
Weight: 1.166kg
ISBN: 9781394203062
ISBN 10: 1394203063
Pages: 688
Publication Date: 31 December 2024
Audience: Professional and scholarly , Undergraduate
Format: Hardback
Publisher's Status: Active

About the Author xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii Acronyms xxv 1 Introducing Grid- interactive Efficient Buildings (GEBs) 1 1.1 Scope of the Building Decarbonization Problem 2 1.2 What Are Grid- Interactive Efficient Buildings (GEBs)? 4 1.3 How Do GEBs Advance the Goal of Energy Decarbonization? 5 1.4 Characterizing Building Loads in Commercial and Residential Buildings 6 1.5 The Role of the BEMS 11 1.6 Strategies for Decarbonization and Cost Reduction 12 1.7 Building Energy Impact of Flexibility Strategies 14 1.8 GEBs as a Grid Resource 16 1.9 Building Energy Efficiency Standards 20 1.10 Summary 22 References 25 2 Architecture of Building Energy Management Systems 29 2.1 BEMS Functional Architecture 30 2.2 BAS Generations 46 2.3 Cybersecurity Architecture 55 2.4 The Convergence of OT and IT Systems 68 2.5 Summary 69 References 70 3 Link–Layer Protocols 75 3.1 LAN and WLAN Link- Layer Protocols 76 3.2 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) 77 3.3 IEEE 802.11 (Wi- Fi) 84 3.4 WPAN Link- Layer Protocols 105 3.5 IEEE 802.15.4 105 3.6 Bluetooth Low Energy 117 3.7 LoRa and LoRaWAN 127 3.8 Cellular IoT Link- Layer Protocols 133 3.9 Selecting Link- Layer Technologies for a BEMS Network 136 3.10 Summary 139 References 140 4 The IP Stack 145 4.1 The IP Network Layer 147 4.2 IPv4 151 4.3 IPv6 159 4.4 6LoWPAN 168 4.5 Transport Layer 181 4.6 UDP 182 4.7 Transmission Control Protocol 184 4.8 Application Layer Protocols 191 4.9 DNS 192 4.10 DHCP 200 4.11 Open- Source Tools for Monitoring BEMS IP Networks 208 4.12 Summary 209 References 210 5 Link Layer and IP Stack Protocol Security 217 5.1 Threats to Link Layer and IP Stack Protocols 218 5.2 Link Layer Security Protocols 219 5.3 EAP and RADIUS Protocols 221 5.4 Ethernet Security 228 5.5 Wi- Fi Security 232 5.6 802.15.4 WPAN Security 247 5.7 Public Key Certificates and the Public Key Infrastructure 263 5.8 IP Stack Security Protocols 266 5.9 Ike 267 5.10 IPSec 275 5.11 TLS 284 5.12 Virtual Private Networks 291 5.13 Summary 296 References 297 6 Building Automation Stack for Large Commercial and Public Buildings 303 6.1 Introduction to the BACnet Protocol 304 6.2 The BACnet Stack Architecture 305 6.3 BACnet Link Layers 306 6.4 MS/ TP 307 6.5 UDP/IPv4 Virtual Link Layer 313 6.6 BACnet Network Layer 323 6.7 BACnet Application Layer 337 6.8 BACnet Security 374 6.9 BACnet Interoperability 378 6.10 Other Protocols for Large Commercial and Public Building Automation 380 6.11 Summary 382 References 384 7 Building Automation Stacks for Residential and Small Commercial Buildings 389 7.1 Bluetooth Low Energy Application Layer 392 7.2 Zigbee 407 7.3 Matter 446 7.4 Other Smart Home Protocols 466 7.5 Summary 467 References 468 8 Application Protocols, APIs, and Architectures 473 8.1 What Is an API? 474 8.2 Application Architectures 478 8.3 API Data Representation and Protocols 480 8.4 API Standards 501 8.5 Other API Definition Frameworks 523 8.6 Zero Trust Security for APIs and Application Protocols 524 8.7 Summary 544 References 545 9 Managing DERs and the Utility Connection 551 9.1 DERs and Building- Integrated Microgrids 553 9.2 Modbus 554 9.3 SunSpec Modbus Profile 562 9.4 Other DER Communication Protocols 571 9.5 DER Manufacturer APIs 572 9.6 The Utility Connection 584 9.7 OpenADR 585 9.8 IEEE 2030.5 601 9.9 Other Protocols for Communicating Between the Utility and Flexible Loads/DERs 608 9.10 Controlling Energy Use Based Directly on Reported Grid Marginal Carbon Emissions 610 9.11 Summary 616 References 617 Index 623

James Kempf, PhD, is a Senior Consultant for Kempf and Associates Consulting, a teacher of blockchain and smart contracts at the University of California Santa Cruz Extension, and a Member of the IEEE Blockchain-Enabled Transactive Energy (BCTE) Initiative. Previously, he was Senior Principal Architect at Equinix where he led the Edge Services Innovation advanced development team and oversaw the architecture of Equinix Edge Metal as a service product.