Manipulation of the microbial gut content of farmed fishes and crustaceans can have a marked effect on their general health, growth, and quality. Expertly covering the science behind the use of prebiotics and probiotics this landmark book explains how the correct manipulation of the gut flora of farmed fishes and crustaceans can have a positive effect on their health, growth rates, feed utilization, and general wellbeing.
Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the gut microbiomes of fish and their importance with respect to host-fish health and performance, providing in-depth, cutting-edge fundamental and applied information.
Written by many of the world’s leading authorities and edited by Dr Daniel Merrifield and Professor Einar Ringø, this important book discusses in detail the common mechanisms for modulating microbiomes, particularly at the gut level (e.g. probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics). The book is a key resource for an understanding of the historical development of these products, their known mechanisms of action and their degree of efficacy as presently demonstrated in the literature.
The fundamental material provided on the gut microbiota itself, and more broad aspects of microbe-live feed interactions, provide essential reading for researchers, academics and students in the areas of aquaculture nutrition, fish veterinary science, microbiology, aquaculture, fish biology and fisheries. Those involved in the development and formulation of aquaculture feeds and those with broader roles within the aquaculture industry will find a huge wealth of commercially-important information within the book’s covers. All libraries in universities and research establishments where biological sciences, nutrition and aquaculture are studied and taught, should have copies of this excellent book on their shelves.
List of Contributors xi Preface xv 1 The Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish 1 Arun Kumar Ray and Einar Ringo 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Anatomy of GI tract 2 1.3 Stomach and intestinal bulb 3 1.4 Pyloric caeca 5 1.5 Intestine 6 1.6 Endogenous inputs of digestive secreta 9 1.7 Luminal pH 10 1.8 Passage rate and residence time 10 1.9 Acknowledgements 10 2 Immune Defences of Teleost Fish 14 Andrew Foey and Simona Picchietti 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Innate immunity 15 2.3 Antigen-specific adaptive immunity 18 2.4 Cytokines drive immune responsiveness 22 2.5 Immune tissues 23 2.6 Mucosal immunity 32 2.7 Common pathogens infecting teleosts: what immune responses are required? 36 2.8 Future considerations 39 2.9 Conclusion 40 3 Gastrointestinal Pathogenesis in Aquatic Animals 53 Jarl Bogwald and Roy Ambli Dalmo 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Vibrio spp. 54 3.3 Aeromonas spp. 61 3.4 Yersinia ruckeri 63 3.5 Edwardsiella spp. 63 3.6 Piscirickettsia salmonis 64 3.7 Pseudomonas anguilliseptica 65 3.8 Photobacterium damsela subsp. Piscicida (Pasteurella Piscicida) 65 3.9 Streptococcosis 66 3.10 'Candidatus arthromitus' 66 3.11 Mycobacterium spp. 66 3.12 Conclusion 68 4 The Gut Microbiota of Fish 75 Jaime Romero, Einar Ringo and Daniel L. Merrifield 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 The importance of the microbiota 84 4.3 Composition of the microbiota in early life stages 86 4.4 Factors that influence microbiota composition 88 4.5 Conclusion 93 5 Methodological Approaches Used to Assess Fish Gastrointestinal Communities 101 Zhigang Zhou, Bin Yao, Jaime Romero, Paul Waines, Einar Ringo, Matthew Emery, Mark R. Liles and Daniel L. Merrifield 5.1 Culture-dependent approaches 102 5.2 Molecular techniques 106 5.3 Fluorescence based methods 115 5.4 Electron microscopy 115 5.5 Microbial activity and functionality 117 5.6 Summary 120 5.7 Acknowledgements 120 6 Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fish and Crustaceans 128 Daniel L. Merrifield, Jose Luis Balcazar, Carly Daniels, Zhigang Zhou, Oliana Carnevali, Yun-Zhang Sun, Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar and Einar Ringo 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Lactic acid bacteria 130 6.3 Salmonidae 130 6.4 Gadidae 141 6.5 Clupeidae 143 6.6 Anarhichadidae 143 6.7 Acipenseridae 143 6.8 Percidae and sciaenidae 144 6.9 Moronidae 145 6.10 Sparidae 145 6.11 Pleuronectiformes 146 6.12 Cyprinidae 146 6.13 Channidae 149 6.14 Siluriformes 150 6.15 Cichlidae 150 6.16 Serranidae 151 6.17 Rachycentridae 151 6.18 Mugilidae 152 6.19 Coastal Fish 152 6.20 Shellfish 153 6.21 Summary 156 7 Probiotics and Prebiotics: Concepts, Definitions and History 169 Helene L. Lauzon, Arkadios Dimitroglou, Daniel L. Merrifield, Einar Ringo and Simon J. Davies 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 The probiotic concept and history 170 7.3 The prebiotic concept and definition 174 7.4 Synbiotics 180 7.5 Summary 180 8 Probiotic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota of Fish 185 Daniel L. Merrifield and Oliana Carnevali 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Bacillus spp. 187 8.3 Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 192 8.4 Other probionts 206 8.5 Probiotic colonization? 210 8.6 Conclusion and future perspectives 213 8.7 Acknowledgements 214 9 Probiotic Applications in ColdWater Fish Species 223 Helene L. Lauzon, Tania Perez-Sanchez, Daniel L. Merrifield, Einar Ringo and Jose Luis Balcazar 9.1 Introduction 223 9.2 Salmonidae 225 9.3 Gadidae 234 9.4 Pleuronectiformes 240 9.5 Percidae 245 9.6 Conclusion 245 10 Probiotic Applications in Temperate and Warm Water Fish Species 253 Oliana Carnevali, Yun-Zhang Sun, Daniel L. Merrifield, Zhigang Zhou and Simona Picchietti 10.1 Introduction 253 10.2 European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) 255 10.3 Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) 258 10.4 Probiotic applications in sole spp. 262 10.5 Groupers 266 10.6 Tilapia 269 10.7 Carps 272 10.8 Zebrafish (danio rerio) 275 10.9 Catfishes 277 10.10 General conclusions 279 11 Probiotic Applications in Crustaceans 290 Mathieu Castex, Carly Daniels and Liet Chim 11.1 Introduction 290 11.2 Main microorganisms evaluated and used as probiotics in crustacean aquaculture 293 11.3 Probiotic modes of action 300 11.4 Related benefits in crustacean aquaculture 308 11.5 Conclusion 318 12 Can Probiotics Affect Reproductive Processes of Aquatic Animals? 328 Giorgia Gioacchini, Elisabetta Giorgini, Lisa Vaccari and Oliana Carnevali 12.1 Introduction 328 12.2 The fish reproductive system 329 12.3 Broodstock reproductive dysfunctions 331 12.4 Reproduction and metabolism 332 12.5 The effects of probiotic applications on fish reproduction 333 12.6 Concluding remarks 341 12.7 Acknowledgements 341 References 341 13 Issues with Industrial Probiotic Scale-up 347 Mathieu Castex, Henri Durand and Bernadette Okeke 13.1 Introduction 347 13.2 Scaling-up guidelines 349 13.3 Mode of administration 354 13.4 Probiotic registration 357 14 Prebiotics in Finfish: An Update 360 Einar Ringo, Arkadios Dimitroglou, Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar and Simon J. Davies 14.1 Introduction 360 14.2 Salmonidae 361 14.3 Gadoids 365 14.4 Acipenseridae 365 14.5 Cyprinidae 369 14.6 Siluriformes 376 14.7 Moronidae 378 14.8 Sparidae 380 14.9 Cichlidae 384 14.10 Sciaenidae 384 14.11 Other fish species 387 14.12 Synbiotics 389 14.13 Concluding remarks and further perspectives 393 15 Prebiotic Applications in Shellfish 401 Carly Daniels and Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar 15.1 Introduction 401 15.2 Use of prebiotics in shellfish aquaculture 402 15.3 Prebiotic benefits 409 15.4 Conclusion 414 16 Live Feeds: Microbial Assemblages, Probiotics and Prebiotics 419 Jose Pintado, Miquel Planas and Pavlos Makridis 16.1 Introduction 419 16.2 Bacterial aspects of live feed 421 16.3 Bacterial control of live feed cultures 424 16.4 Enrichment of live feed and microbial implications 425 16.5 Probiotics in live feed production 425 16.6 Bioencapsulation of probiotics in live food and delivery to larvae 430 16.7 Prebiotics and synbiotics in live feed 435 16.8 Conclusions and future perspectives 436 References 437 Index 443
Daniel Merrifield is a Lecturer in Aquatic Biosciences at Plymouth University, UK. His research specialises on fish-microbe interactions and gut health, within the context of aquaculture and fish production. He has published over 50 peer-reviewed papers on the gut microbiomes of fish and associated applications for fortifying these microbial communities, in order to improve the health, welfare and growth performance of important farmed fish species and model organisms. Einar Ringø is a Professor at the Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway. He is the author of numerous journal articles, reviews and book chapters. He received his M.S. degree (1982) in microbiology from the University of Tromsø and his Ph.D. degree (1994) in microbiology and lipid nutrition from the University of Tromsø.
Reviews for Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics
The book presents key, up to date information about the gut microbiota of aquatic animals, how they may be studied and about the possible applications of probiotics and prebiotics in aquaculture. The book's main advantage is that the information is collated within a single volume, so Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut health, probiotics and prebiotics is likely to find a niche as a source of reference that will be used by fish nutritionists and other aquaculture professionals. (Aquaculture International, 10 December 2014)
